Conservation Commission - 102 (08/11/2022)

Rev.July 27, 2022 
 
Ms. Maureen FitzGerald 
Environmental Planner 
15 Rope Ferry Road  
Waterford, CT 06385  
United States 
 
 
RE: 
Gurley Rd 
Waterford  
            GSD 60  
To the Commission: 
CLA has investigated the referenced site for inland wetlands and watercourses and assessed the 
potential for impact due to the proposed development of a business park. This report documents 
the wetland and soil types found at the site and provides an assessment of the potential for 
wetland impacts.   
Existing Conditions 
The site is located on Gurley Rd and Oil Mill Rd, CT and is bordered to the north by Route I-
95.  This site is currently undeveloped and has cover types including wooded uplands, wooded 
wetlands, scrub shrub uplands, early successional meadow, perennial stream and manmade 
pond.   Traces of past development and use of the site are still evident.  
The site has gentle to moderately steep slopes.  Starting on the western (Oil Mill Rd) side, the 
slopes are nearly flat to moderate and drain into an un-named perennial stream that enters the 
site from a culvert under I-95 and exits the site to the south through a culvert under Gurley Rd.  
It also receives stormwater runoff from paved swales from I-95. This stream has an on-site 
manmade pond and eventually flows into the Niantic River. The easterly slopes of this 
watershed are steep and reflect past sand and gravel removal. Continuing eastward on the site 
the elevation climbs gradually there are alternating wetland and upland areas.  The two wetland 
systems also flow southward under Gurley Rd via culverts and are tributary to the Niantic River. 
The wetlands also shown signs of human manipulation including a manmade pond in the 
easterly wetland. 
Past land uses include farming and sand & gravel mining.  The 1934 Connecticut Fairchild 
aerial photos (http://magic.lib.uconn.edu/mash_up/1934.html) show the site in agricultural use 
CLA Engineers, Inc. 
Civil 
  Structural 
Survey    
317 MAIN STREET 
NORWICH, CT 06360 
(860) 886-1966 
(860) 886-9165 FAX 

  
with a house and three outbuildings located over 1000 feet east of Oil Mill Rd. There are also 
two manmade ponds, one on the perennial stream  
 In the 1934 photo, no gravel mining is evident. In the 1961 photo, gravel mining is evident in 
the central portion of the site.  In the 1990 photo the gravel mining area has already been re-
vegetated and the buildings are still present. By 2004 it appears that the site may be no longer 
occupied or maintained. The information gleaned from the aerial photograph review 
substantiates that the site was previously farmed, ponds were created and the area of wetland 
flags 3-1 to 3-32 was excavated for gravel prior to 1961. 
Wetland and Soil Types 
Robert Russo, C.S.S. performed the wetland delineation in May of 2021and the table below 
provides wetland flag numbers, soil type, and wetland type. 
Table 1 – Wetland Flag Numbers, Soil Types and Wetland Types 
Flag Numbers  
Soil Parent Material   
Wetland Type 
WF 1series 
alluvial 
 
Perennial stream, 
pond, wooded riverine 
floodplain 
WF 2 series 
Glacial till  
Wooded swamp 
WF 3 series 
Excavated glacial outwash 
Wooded swamp 
WF 4 series 
Glacial till 
Wooded swamp, 
vernal pools 
 
As shown on the project plans, the un-named perennial stream (Wetland system 1) and its 
associated floodplain are on the western side of the site. This reach of the stream has a cobble 
and gravel bottom and a manmade pond. There are rock piles and evidence of altered soils 
however the vegetation is predominantly hardwoods such as red maple (Acer rubrum) and 
shrubs such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and highbush blue berry (Vaccinium 
corymbosum). The surrounding upland has dense stands of autumn olive (Eleagnus umbelatta).  
This wetland has hydrology fed by shallow groundwater discharge from the local glacial 
outwash and the upstream watershed.  It receives storm water from the nearby roads 
The perennial stream in wetland system 1 enters the site via a culvert under I-95 (refer to 
photograph 1 in Appendix C).  Field inspection of the stream revealed that the channel is stable 
with no signs of ongoing erosion. Photograph 1 in Appendix C does show accumulation of   
cobbles and stones downstream of the culvert which may be due to recent extreme rainfall 
events (i.e. September of 2021).  The channel below the rock accumulation is approximately 6-
12 inches deep and 10-12 feet wide for a cross sectional area of 5 to 12 square feet. Downstream, 

  
at a location approximately 350’ north of Gurley Rd. the channel is also stable, with a depth 0-
-6 inches and a width of 4-5 feet for a cross sectional area of approximately 2.5 square feet.. 
The stream banks are well vegetated with alder (Alnus sp.) and red maple (Acer rubrum). 
Wetland system 2 is shown on the project plans in the center of the site. This wetland is a 
wooded swamp with a mucky substrate. There are rock piles and evidence of altered soils here 
as well. The vegetation is predominantly hardwoods such as red maple and shrubs such as 
multiflora rose and highbush blue berry. The surrounding upland has dense stands of rose and 
green brier.  This wetland has hydrology is fed by shallow groundwater discharge from the local 
glacial till. Wood frog egg masses were found here as well as tadpoles, but by mid-May of 2021, 
the water had dried and the tadpoles died. The vernal pool investigation of March and April of 
2022 revealed a total of 23 wood frog egg masses in this wetland. There were no spotted 
salamander egg masses. The egg mass count suggests that the hydro period of the wetland is 
too short for it to function as a vernal pool and wood frogs occasionally stray from wetland 4/5 
and lay eggs here. The wetland receives storm water from the nearby roads. 
Wetland system 3 is shown on the project plans in the west/center of the site. This wetland is a 
wooded swamp with a mineral substrate. There are rock piles, soil spoil piles and evidence of 
altered soils here as well.  As noted above, this wetland was created prior to 1961 by excavation 
of fill material for I-95 .The vegetation is predominantly hardwoods such as red maple and 
shrubs such as multiflora rose (Rosa multiflora) and highbush blue berry. The surrounding 
upland has dense stands of rose, autumn olive and green brier.  This wetland has hydrology fed 
by shallow groundwater discharge from the interface of the past gravel excavation with the local 
glacial till.  
Wetland system 4/5 is shown on the project plans on the east side of the site. This wetland is a 
wooded swamp with both a mineral and mucky substrate. It contains a manmade pond (which 
functions as a vernal pool), an intermittent watercourse and a second vernal pool. There are rock 
piles, a farm crossing of the intermittent watercourse and evidence of altered soils here as well. 
The vegetation is predominantly hardwoods such as red maple and shrubs such as multiflora 
rose and highbush blue berry .The surrounding upland has dense stands of rose and green brier.  
This wetland has hydrology fed by shallow groundwater discharge from the local glacial till. 
Wood frog and spotted salamander egg masses were found here as well as tadpoles. The pond 
had greater than 25 wood frog egg masses and greater than 25 spotted salamander egg masses 
in March and April of 2022. The second vernal pool had 63 spotted salamander egg masses and 
71 wood frog egg masses in March and April of 2022. The hydro period of this pool is long 
enough to provide breeding success for these species were present into July and August of 2021. 
The wetland receives storm water from the nearby roads. 
The soils present on the site are document in the table below and further detail is provided in 
Appendix A.   
Table 2, Soils at the Gurley Rd. Site 
Soil Series 
Parent Material 
Drainage Class 
Texture/Characteristics 

  
Ridgebury Leicester 
Whitman (3)* 
Glacial till  
Poorly drained  
Stony sandy loam 
Agawam (29) 
Glaciofluvial 
Well drained 
Sandy loam over sand 
and gravel 
Hinckley (38) 
Glaciofluvial 
Excessively drained 
Loamy sand 
Canton and 
Charlton (61) 
Glacial till 
Well Drained  
Sandy loam 
Ripppowam (103)*  Alluvial 
Well drained  
Fine sandy loam  
Udorthents (306)* 
Varies – cut and 
fill material 
Moderately well to 
poorly on site 
Typically sandy loam 
* Wetland soil type 
The upland soils, as found during the soil investigation are a combination of Canton/Charlton, 
Agawam, Hinckley and Udorthetns/Urban land.  The Udrothents/Urban land designation 
indicates extensive alteration of the soils and the presence of non-native soils.  In this case, it 
indicated the presence of both areas that have been mined for gravel and the farm stream 
crossing.  There are no set characteristics for Udorthents land, the soils reflect the properties of 
the non-native material and any artificial grading or drainage. 
Hinckley and Agawam soils are formed in glacial outwash, i.e. well sorted sand and gravel. 
These soils occupy the wide, flat areas that cover most of the western part of the site.  Floodplain 
and alluvial soils (Rippowam series) were found in a narrow floodplain parallel to the perennial 
stream.   
Canton and Charlton soils are formed in glacial till and comprise the eastern portion of the site.  
They are unsorted silt, gravel stones and boulders and typically have greater than 6 feet to 
bedrock. The adjacent wetland soils are of the Ridgebury series which are also formed in glacial 
till and often have perched water tables. 
NDDB Coordination 
CLA has coordinated with the CTDEEP NDDB and the correspondence is attached. There are 
species of concern located at the site and CLA will continue to coordinate with the CTDEEP to 
properly protect those species. At present, CLA has included measures on the project plans to 
protect these species. These measures include excluding the species from work zones through 
use of barriers such as silt fence, regular inspections by a biologist to relocate any individuals 
encountered and education of the contractor and workers. 
Potential Impacts 
CLA has considered potential impacts at several levels. Each of the types of impacts considered 
are discussed in the following sections. 

  
 
 
Water discharge and stream channel stability 
The onsite perennial stream has a channel that appears stable as viewed in the field. There is the 
potential for channel erosion and degradation if it were to experience increased flows from the 
proposed development.  The Drainage Hydrology and Hydraulics Report shows that the peak 
flows into the perennial stream will be reduced based on the drainage design. This reduction is 
a result of use of underground stormwater infiltration, installation of rain gardens, and use of 
stormwater treatment basins.  CLA believes that there will be no negative impacts to the stream 
channel. 
Construction related impacts 
 The site plan contains a detailed erosion and sedimentation control narrative that is consistent 
with the CTDEP 2002 Manual.  Provisions to protect both onsite and offsite resources are 
included. The onsite construction will be phased with ongoing stabilization required.  
Temporary sediment traps, sediment barrier and soil stabilization are all shown on the E&S 
plans. The offsite utility construction (the water line) will employ silt fence barrier and a dirt 
bag for dewatering to protect the Niantic River and Oil Mill Brook.  The utility installation will 
occur trenched within in the roadway and have limited potential for erosion as it will proceed 
sequentially with only a short run of trench open at any time. 
Water quality 
The CTDEEP 2004 Stormwater Manual prescribes means by which stormwater runoff from 
developed sites can be adequately treated. The method outlined in section 7.4.1 of the 2004 
Manual, treating the WQV is employed on this site.  As indicated in the calculations of Water 
Quality Volume (WQV) within the Drainage Hydrology and Hydraulics Report, the stormwater 
treatment design exceeds treatment of the WQV required by the 2004 Manual for each 
stormwater treatment basin. The range of over-treatment runs from three times that required for 
Basin 2 to nine times that required for Basin 1.  Thus it is anticipated that the stormwater basins 
will provide a higher level of water quality renovation than required by CTDEEP. All of the 
basins are designed as wet bottom basins that will function as stormwater wetlands.  
Also note that per the calculations in the Drainage Hydrology and Hydraulics Report, none of 
the stormwater basins will discharge in the 2 year storm event. Appendix D of this report 
includes 
data 
from 
the 
University 
of 
New 
Hampshire 
Stormwater 
Center 
(https://www.unh.edu/unhsc/)  that indicate that retaining the two year storm provides 
extremely high levels of removal of pollutants of concern for commercial and industrial sites.  
Based on the UNH data, CLA anticipates levels of renovation that will be protective of water 
quality within local water bodies as well as the Niantic River, 

  
CLA has reviewed the Niantic River watershed management plans to ensure that the site plans 
are consistent with those documents. Based on that review, additional measures beyond the 
water quality basins described above have been incorporated into the site plans.  
1. There will be a 50 foot undisturbed vegetative buffer left in place around all wetlands 
and watercourses on the site. This will provide shade over streams, wildlife habitat and 
further treat discharge from the treatment basins. 
2. Low Impact Development (LID) measures such as rain gardens have been incorporated. 
In total, nine rain gardens are proposed and each will provide bio-filtration to 
stormwater runoff before is enters the ground. This will provide treatment not accounted 
for in the WQV calculations. 
3. Infiltration of stormwater is used whenever practical, in infiltrations chamber systems 
for roof drainage, rain gardens and Basin 1, 2, and 3. 
4. To minimize the potential for metal leachate from roofs, they will be treated with 
elastomeric coating. 
5. The plans are consistent with the CTDEEP 2002 and 2004 Manuals. 
Based on the stormwater treatment design and the measures incorporated to be consistent with 
the watershed management plans, CLA believes that the design is protective of both onsite 
resources and the Niantic River. 
Summary 
Note that CLA submitted the plans to town staff for two pre-application reviews and significant 
revisions that are protective of wetland and watercourses were made as a result of that review. 
Prior to the review, CLA’s design kept all infrastructure at least 50 feet from regulated 
resources. Based on the feedback from staff, CLA has re-designed the site to maintain a 
minimum of 50 feet of undisturbed vegetation around all wetlands and watercourses.  However 
infrastructure such as storm water treatment are still shown as eventually discharging to the 
wetlands and watercourse via overland flow and CLA has considered the potential impact to 
the wetlands and watercourses, CLA’s drainage report shows that for all storm events ( 2 year 
through 100 year) peak flows are reduced at each point of analysis. Due to the volume of storm 
water being infiltrated CLA believes that the stream and wetlands will not be adversely 
impacted. 
As was the case prior to the re-design, no filling or direct impact of wetland is proposed. CLA 
has examined the potential for secondary wetland impacts both construction related and post-
construction.  The main concern during construction is for water quality.  In order to protect the 
aquatic life and water quality within the stream, proper erosion and sedimentation control has 
been provided on the Site Improvement Plan.  Post construction, water that runs off of the 
developed surfaces will be treated in water treatment basins and via infiltration as shown on the 
plan.  The site has been designed per both the 2002 and 2004 CTDEEP Manuals. CLA believes 
that if the project is constructed per plan, there will be no adverse wetland impacts. 
 

  
Sincerely, 
 
 
Robert C. Russo 
Soil Scientist 
 
 
 

  
Appendix A Soils Data  

Soil Map—State of Connecticut
(Gurley Rd)
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey
National Cooperative Soil Survey
4/27/2021
Page 1 of 3
4583700
4583800
4583900
4584000
4584100
4584200
4584300
4583800
4583900
4584000
4584100
4584200
4584300
4584400
734800
734900
735000
735100
735200
735300
735400
735500
735600
735700
735800
734900
735000
735100
735200
735300
735400
735500
735600
735700
735800
41°  22' 35'' N
72°  11' 32'' W
41°  22' 35'' N
72°  10' 48'' W
41°  22' 13'' N
72°  11' 32'' W
41°  22' 13'' N
72°  10' 48'' W
N
Map projection: Web Mercator   Corner coordinates: WGS84   Edge tics: UTM Zone 18N WGS84
0
200
400
800
1200
Feet
0
50
100
200
300
Meters
Map Scale: 1:4,730 if printed on A landscape (11" x 8.5") sheet.
Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.

MAP LEGEND
MAP INFORMATION
Area of Interest (AOI)
Area of Interest (AOI)
Soils
Soil Map Unit Polygons
Soil Map Unit Lines
Soil Map Unit Points
Special Point Features
Blowout
Borrow Pit
Clay Spot
Closed Depression
Gravel Pit
Gravelly Spot
Landfill
Lava Flow
Marsh or swamp
Mine or Quarry
Miscellaneous Water
Perennial Water
Rock Outcrop
Saline Spot
Sandy Spot
Severely Eroded Spot
Sinkhole
Slide or Slip
Sodic Spot
Spoil Area
Stony Spot
Very Stony Spot
Wet Spot
Other
Special Line Features
Water Features
Streams and Canals
Transportation
Rails
Interstate Highways
US Routes
Major Roads
Local Roads
Background
Aerial Photography
The soil surveys that comprise your AOI were mapped at 
1:12,000.
Warning: Soil Map may not be valid at this scale.
Enlargement of maps beyond the scale of mapping can cause 
misunderstanding of the detail of mapping and accuracy of soil 
line placement. The maps do not show the small areas of 
contrasting soils that could have been shown at a more detailed 
scale.
Please rely on the bar scale on each map sheet for map 
measurements.
Source of Map: Natural Resources Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey URL: 
Coordinate System: Web Mercator (EPSG:3857)
Maps from the Web Soil Survey are based on the Web Mercator 
projection, which preserves direction and shape but distorts 
distance and area. A projection that preserves area, such as the 
Albers equal-area conic projection, should be used if more 
accurate calculations of distance or area are required.
This product is generated from the USDA-NRCS certified data as 
of the version date(s) listed below.
Soil Survey Area: State of Connecticut
Survey Area Data: Version 20, Jun 9, 2020
Soil map units are labeled (as space allows) for map scales 
1:50,000 or larger.
Date(s) aerial images were photographed: Mar 20, 2019—Mar 
27, 2019
The orthophoto or other base map on which the soil lines were 
compiled and digitized probably differs from the background 
imagery displayed on these maps. As a result, some minor 
shifting of map unit boundaries may be evident.
Soil Map—State of Connecticut
(Gurley Rd)
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey
National Cooperative Soil Survey
4/27/2021
Page 2 of 3

Map Unit Legend
Map Unit Symbol
Map Unit Name
Acres in AOI
Percent of AOI
3
Ridgebury, Leicester, and 
Whitman soils, 0 to 8 
percent slopes, extremely 
stony
8.8
8.1%
12
Raypol silt loam
0.7
0.7%
29B
Agawam fine sandy loam, 3 to 
8 percent slopes
8.1
7.5%
38C
Hinckley loamy sand, 3 to 15 
percent slopes
13.2
12.2%
61B
Canton and Charlton fine 
sandy loams, 0 to 8 percent 
slopes, very stony
49.9
46.0%
61C
Canton and Charlton fine 
sandy loams, 8 to 15 percent 
slopes, very stony
1.4
1.3%
103
Rippowam fine sandy loam
2.8
2.6%
306
Udorthents-Urban land 
complex
23.5
21.7%
Totals for Area of Interest
108.4
100.0%
Soil Map—State of Connecticut
Gurley Rd
Natural Resources
Conservation Service
Web Soil Survey
National Cooperative Soil Survey
4/27/2021
Page 3 of 3

  
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
U.S.A. 
RIPPOWAM SERIES  
 
The Rippowam series consists of very deep, poorly drained loamy soils formed in 
alluvial sediments. They are nearly level soils on flood plains subject to frequent 
flooding. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranges from 
moderately high or high in the loamy upper part and high or very high in the underlying 
sandy materials. Mean annual temperature is about 50 degrees F., and mean annual 
precipitation is about 47 inches.  
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, nonacid, mesic 
Fluvaquentic Endoaquepts 
TYPICAL PEDON: Rippowam fine sandy loam in woodland at an elevation of about 
435 feet. (Colors are for moist soil.)  
A--0 to 5 inches; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
granular structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; very strongly acid; clear 
wavy boundary. (3 to 9 inches thick)  
Bg1--5 to 12 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; common medium 
prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron accumulation; very strongly acid; 
clear wavy boundary.  
Bg2--12 to 19 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) fine sandy loam; weak medium subangular 
blocky structure; friable; few fine and medium roots; many medium prominent yellowish 
red (5YR 4/6) masses of iron accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary. 
(Combined thickness of the Bg horizons is 6 to 27 inches.) 
BCg1--19 to 24 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine 
and medium roots; common medium prominent strong brown (7.5YR 5/6) masses of iron 
accumulation; strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.  

  
BCg2--24 to 27 inches; very dark gray (10YR 3/1) sandy loam; massive; friable; few fine 
and medium roots; moderately acid; clear wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the 
BCg horizons is 0 to 8 inches.)  
Cg1--27 to 31 inches; dark gray (10YR 4/1) loamy sand; single grain; loose; moderately 
acid; clear wavy boundary.  
Cg2--31 to 65 inches; grayish brown (10YR 5/2) very gravelly sand; single grain; loose; 
35 percent gravel; moderately acid.  
TYPE LOCATION: Fairfield County, Connecticut; town of Redding, 100 feet south of 
Cross Highway and 100 feet east of Little River. USGS Botsford Quadrangle; latitude 41 
degrees 18 minutes 32 seconds N. and longitude 73 degrees 21 minutes 57 seconds W., 
NAD 27. 
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 20 to 40 inches. The 
difference between mean summer soil temperature and mean winter soil temperature is at 
least 25 degrees F. or more. Depth to the coarse-textured substratum layers commonly is 
from 20 to 40 inches but can range to a depth of 45 inches. Gravel ranges from 0 to 15 
percent by volume in the solum and from 0 to 40 percent in the sandy substratum. Some 
pedons have up to 10 percent cobbles in the coarse-textured substratum. Reaction ranges 
from very strongly acid to neutral with some subhorizon being moderately acid, slightly 
acid, or neutral within a depth of 40 inches.  
Some pedons have an O horizon that is highly decomposed, moderately decomposed, or 
slightly decomposed plant material. It has hue of 5YR to 10YR and value and chroma of 
3 or less.  
The A or Ap horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 or 2. 
Texture is very fine sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam. It typically has weak or 
moderate granular structure but some pedons have subangular blocky structure. 
Consistence is friable or very friable.  
The Bg horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 or 2 and 
typically has redoximorphic features. Texture of the Bg horizon is dominantly fine sandy 
loam or sandy loam. The Bg horizon is massive or has weak granular or subangular 
blocky structure. Consistence is friable or very friable.  
The BCg horizon, where present, has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 
1 or 4 and typically has redoximorphic features. Texture of the BCg horizon is 
dominantly fine sandy loam or sandy loam. The BCg horizon is massive or has weak 
granular or subangular blocky structure. Consistence is friable or very friable.  

  
Included in some pedons are thin Ab horizons with characteristics similar to the A 
horizon. 
The C horizon or layer has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 4. 
Texture ranges from loamy fine sand to coarse sand in the fine-earth fraction. The C 
horizon is typically single grain and loose. Some pedons have thin loamy strata and/or 
extremely gravelly strata in the lower part of the C horizon.  
COMPETING SERIES: There are no soils currently in the same family. Briscot, 
Holderton, and Lim soils are in related families. Briscot soils are from outside LRR R. 
Briscot soils are dominantly fine sandy loam or finer to a 60-inch depth and the 
difference between mean summer soil temperature and mean winter soil temperature is 
less than 25 degrees F. Holderton soils have an active cation exchange activity class and 
have textures finer than loamy fine sand in the substratum. Lim soils have a texture to a 
depth of at least 18 inches that is commonly silt loam or very fine sandy loam but 
includes loam with more than 65 percent silt plus very fine sand.  
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Rippowam soils are nearly level soils on flood plains along 
rivers and streams. They are in low areas. Slope ranges from 0 to 3 percent. The soils 
formed in recent alluvium derived mostly from granite, gneiss, and schist. Mean annual 
temperature ranges from 45 to 54 degrees F., mean annual precipitation ranges from 35 
to 50 inches, and the growing season ranges from 115 to 190 days.  
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Agawam, Enfield, 
Hadley, Haven, Hinckley, Lim, Limerick, Merrimac, Ninigret, Occum, Pootatuck, Saco, 
Suncook, Tisbury, Windsor, and Winooski soils on nearby landscapes. The well drained 
Occum and the moderately well drained Pootatuck soils are associated in a drainage 
sequence. Agawam, Haven, Enfield, Hinckley, Merrimac, Ninigret, Tisbury, and 
Windsor soils are better drained soils on outwash terraces. Hadley soils are well drained 
silty floodplain associates. Suncook soils are excessively drained sandy soils on 
floodplains.  
DRAINAGE AND PERMEABILITY: Poorly drained. Surface runoff is negligible to 
low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity ranges from moderately high or high in the loamy 
upper part and high or very high in the underlying sandy materials. These soils typically 
flood in the spring of each year. Rippowam soils have a water table at or near the surface 
much of this year.  
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are in brushy woodland. Common trees are red 
maple, willow, and alder. A few areas are cleared and used for pasture or hay.  

  
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Floodplains in Connecticut, Massachusetts, New 
Hampshire, eastern New York, Rhode Island, and Vermont; MLRAs 142, 144A, 145. 
The series is of moderate extent.  
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, 
Massachusetts. 
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Fairfield County, Connecticut, 1979.  
REMARKS: This revision reflects conformance to a change in soil taxonomy based on a 
revision to the definition of the cambic horizon made in 1999. Cation exchange activity 
class placement determined from a review of limited lab data and similar or associated 
soils.  
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:  
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 5 inches (A horizon).  
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 5 to 27 inches (Bg1, Bg2, BCg1, and BCg2 horizons). 
Evidence of alteration is in the form of description of subangular blocky structure and 
inferred absence of rock structure to a depth of 27 inches. 
AGAWAM SERIES 
 
The Agawam series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in sandy, water 
deposited materials. They are level to steep soils on outwash plains and high stream 
terraces. Slope ranges from 0 to 15 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is 
moderately high or high in the upper solum and high or very high in the lower solum and 
substratum. Mean annual temperature is about 48 degrees F. and mean annual 
precipitation is about 47 inches.  
 
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, active, 
mesic Typic Dystrudepts  
 
TYPICAL PEDON: Agawam fine sandy loam in a nearly level cultivated field at an 
elevation of about 124 feet. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise stated.)  
 
Ap--0 to 11 inches; dark grayish brown (10YR 4/2) fine sandy loam; light brownish gray 
(10YR 6/2) dry; weak medium and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; 
common fine and medium roots; strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary. (5 to 14 inches 
thick)  
 
Bw1--11 to 16 inches; dark yellowish brown (10YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium 

  
and coarse subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 
strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.  
 
Bw2--16 to 26 inches; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; strongly acid; 
clear smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 10 to 30 inches)  
 
2C1--26 to 45 inches; olive(5Y 5/3) loamy fine sand; massive; very friable; few fine 
roots; strongly acid; clear smooth boundary.  
 
2C2--45 to 55 inches; olive brown (2.5Y 4/4) loamy fine sand; massive; very friable; 
strongly acid; abrupt smooth boundary.  
 
2C3--55 to 65 inches; olive (5Y 5/3) loamy sand; single grain; loose; strongly acid.  
 
TYPE LOCATION: Hampshire County, Massachusetts; Town of Hatfield; 700 feet 
north of Elm Street at a point 1,600 feet west of its intersection with Prospect Street. 
USGS Mt. Holyoke quadrangle; Lat. 42 degrees 22 minutes 00 seconds N. and 72 
degrees 36 minutes 42 seconds W., NAD 27.  
 
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness ranges from 15 to 35 inches. 
Coarse fragments range from 0 to 10 percent by volume in the surface, 0 to 30 percent in 
the B and C horizons above a depth of 40 inches and 0 to 60 percent below. The soil 
ranges from very strongly acid to slightly acid, unless limed.  
 
The Ap horizon has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 3 or 4, and chroma of 2 to 4. Dry 
value is 6 or more. It is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam. Undisturbed 
pedons have an A horizon that has hue of 7.5YR to 2.5Y, value of 2 to 3, and chroma of 
1 to 3. It is 1 to 4 inches thick. Some pedons have a thin E horizon directly below the A.  
 
The upper part of the Bw horizon has hue of 5YR to 10YR, value of 4 to 7, and chroma 
of 3 to 8. The lower part has hue of 10YR to 5Y with value and chroma ranges the same 
as the upper part. Texture is fine sandy loam, very fine sandy loam, or loam in the upper 
part and fine sandy loam or very fine sandy loam in the lower part. Structure is very 
weak, weak or moderate granular or subangular blocky or the horizon is massive.  
 
A BC horizon of sandy loam or loamy sand is present in some pedons. Color and texture 
ranges are the same as the lower part of the Bw. Structure is very weak, weak or 
moderate granular or the horizon is massive. It is up to 5 inches thick.  
 
The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 3 to 7, and chroma of 1 to 4. It is 
stratified loamy fine sand, loamy sand, fine sand, sand, or their gravelly analogues and is 
very gravelly below a depth of 40 inches in some pedons. Consistence is very friable or 
loose.  

  
 
COMPETING SERIES: These are the Barnstable, Branford, Haven, and Narragansett 
series. Barnstable soils formed in till over outwash and have rock fragments in the solum 
that are dominantly angular. Branford soils have hue of 5YR or redder throughout the B 
and C horizons. Narragansett soils lack stratified layers and have coarse fragments that 
are dominantly angular. Haven soils typically have more than 40 percent silt in the lower 
part of the Bw horizon.  
 
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Agawam soils are level to steep soils on outwash plains 
and high stream terraces. Most areas are on slopes that are less than 15 percent. Steeper 
slopes are on terrace escarpments and steep sides of gullies in dissected outwash plains. 
The soils formed in sandy water deposited material derived principally from schist, 
granite, gneiss, and phyllite. Mean annual precipitation ranges from 28 to 55 inches and 
mean annual air temperature from 45 degrees to 50 degrees F. The mean growing season 
ranges from 120 to 200 days.  
 
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Enfield, Hadley, 
Hartland, Hinckley, Merrimac, Ninigret, Occum, Walpole, and Windsor soils on nearby 
landscapes. The excessively drained Hinckley and Windsor, somewhat excessively 
drained Merrimac, and well drained Enfield and Hartland soils are on associated outwash 
terraces and glacial lake plains. Well drained Hadley and Occum soils are on nearby 
floodplains. The moderately well drained Ninigret and poorly drained Walpole soils are 
associated in a drainage sequence with Agawam soils.  
 
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. 
Runoff and internal drainage are negligible to low. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is 
moderately high or high in the upper solum and high or very high in the lower solum and 
substratum.  
 
USE AND VEGETATION: Most areas are used for growing cultivated hay, silage corn, 
tobacco, potatoes, and truck crops. Some areas are used for growing pasture. Native 
vegetation is forest composed mainly of white pine, gray birch, red maple, red, white, 
black, and scarlet oaks.  
 
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Connecticut, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, 
eastern New York, and Rhode Island; MLRA's 101, 142, 144A, and 145. The series is of 
moderate extent.  
 
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, 
Massachusetts.  
 
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Hampden and Hampshire Counties, Massachusetts, 1928.  
 
REMARKS: It should be noted that as a competing series, Haven soils typically have 

  
soil temperatures that may be slightly warmer but a precise difference could not be 
quantified based on available data and historical use.  
 
Diagnostic horizons and other features recognized in this pedon are:  
 
1. Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 11 inches (Ap horizon).  
2. Cambic horizon - the zone from 11 to 26 inches (Bw horizons).  
3. Contrasting particle-size - the coarse-loamy material contains less than 50 percent fine 
or coarser sand and the transition zone is less than 12.5 cm thick.  
 
ADDITIONAL DATA: Reference samples from pedons S54MA023006, 
S58MA011002, S57NH013003, S70CT003001, S85VT027017, S85VT027018, 
S91MA011008, S93MA011003, S93MA011003, S93MA011004 from numerous 
counties and states, by NSSL, Lincoln, NE, various years. Pedon S70 CT-3-1 sampled in 
Hartford, Connecticut. Analysis by Beltsville soil survey laboratory.  
 
National 
Cooperative 
Soil 
Survey  
U.S.A. 
 
CANTON SERIES 
 
The Canton series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in a loamy mantle 
underlain by sandy till. They are on nearly level to very steep moraines, hills, and ridges. 
Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or 
high in the solum and high or very high in the substratum. The mean annual temperature 
is about 9 degrees C and the annual precipitation is about 1205 mm.  
 
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy-skeletal, mixed, 
superactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts  
 
TYPICAL PEDON: Canton fine sandy loam on a west-facing, convex, 8 percent slope 
in an extremely stony forested area at an elevation of about 210 meters. (Colors are for 
moist soil unless otherwise noted.)  
 
Oi-- 0 to 5 cm; slightly decomposed plant material; (0 to 13 cm thick.)  
 
A-- 5 to 13 cm; very dark grayish brown (10YR 3/2) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular 
structure; friable; common fine roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid (pH 4.6); 
abrupt smooth boundary. (3 to 10 cm thick.)  

  
 
Bw1-- 13 to 30 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent gravel; 
very strongly acid (pH 4.6); clear smooth boundary.  
 
Bw2-- 30 to 41 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
subangular blocky structure; friable; common fine and medium roots; 5 percent gravel; 
strongly acid (pH 5.1); clear smooth boundary.  
 
Bw3-- 41 to 56 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; weak 
medium subangular blocky; friable; common fine and medium roots; 15 percent gravel; 
strongly acid (pH 5.1); abrupt smooth boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw 
horizons is 43 to 84 cm.)  
 
2C-- 56 to 170 cm; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly loamy sand; massive; friable; 25 
percent gravel; moderately acid (pH 5.6).  
 
TYPE LOCATION: Worcester County, Massachusetts; Town of Douglas; 150 feet 
south on Wallum Lake Road from the junction of Cedar and South West Main Streets, 
and 165 feet southwest of Wallum Lake Road. USGS Oxford, MA quadrangle; Latitude 
42 degrees, 2 minutes, 43.2 seconds N., and Longitude 71 degrees, 45 minutes, 44.8 
seconds W., NAD 83.  
 
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Solum thickness is commonly 46 to 91 cm, but 
ranges to 36 cm. It corresponds closely to the depth to the sandy till. Rock fragment 
content consists of 0 to 20 percent gravel and 0 to 5 percent cobbles in the solum. Stones 
and boulders are 0 to 15 percent of the surface and solum. Gravel content is 10 to 30 
percent, cobbles 5 to 10 percent, and stones 0 to 10 percent in the substratum. Rock 
fragments are dominantly granite, gneiss, and quartzite. The soil ranges from extremely 
acid to moderately acid.  
 
The O horizons, where present, consist of slightly, moderately, and/or highly 
decomposed organic material.  
 
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 to 4, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture 
is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, loam, or very fine sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction. 
Some pedons have an Ap horizon with properties similar to the A horizon. It is up to 20 
cm thick.  
 
Some pedons have a thin E or AE horizon that has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 3 to 5 
and chroma of 1 or 2 with similar textures to the A horizon. It is up to 8cm thick.  
 
The upper Bw horizons commonly have hue of 10YR, and includes 7.5YR when a high 
ratio of ammonium oxalate extractable iron to dithionite-citrate extractable iron (greater 

  
than 0.15) exists, value of 4 or 5, and chroma of 4 to 8. The lower Bw horizons have hue 
of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 7, and chroma of 4 to 8. Texture of the fine-earth fraction 
of the Bw horizons is commonly fine sandy loam and less commonly sandy loam, loam, 
and very fine sandy loam. Structure of the Bw horizons is granular or subangular blocky.  
 
Some pedons have a Bs, Bh, or BC horizon with texture similar to the Bw horizons.  
 
The 2C horizon typically has hue of 2.5Y or 5Y, value of 5 to 7, and chroma of 2 or 3. In 
some pedons hue is 10YR with chroma of 4 to 6. The texture of the fine-earth fraction is 
loamy fine sand or coarser. It is single grain or massive. Consistence is friable, very 
friable or loose. Thin lenses or small pockets of firm or very firm finer textured material 
are common below 91 cm.  
 
COMPETING SERIES: There are no other soils currently in the same family.  
 
The Agawam, Barnstable, Branford, Brookfield, Charlton, Haven, and Narragansett 
series are in closely related families. The Agawam, Branford, and Haven soils have 
stratified sand or sand and gravel in the series control section. In addition, the Branford 
soils have hues redder than 7.5YR throughout the B horizon. Barnstable soils formed in 
till over outwash and have less than 30 percent fine sand in the lower part of the Bw 
horizon. Brookfield soils formed in sulfur bearing parent materials and have a ratio of 
ammonium oxalate extractable iron to dithionite-citrate extractable iron less than 0.15 
and have pedogenic iron contents greater than 1 percent throughout the pedon. Charlton 
soils lack a lithologic discontinuity of abrupt change in sand distribution. Narragansett 
soils have more than 55 percent silt and very fine sand in the solum.  
 
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Canton soils are on moraines and glaciated upland hills 
and ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 45 percent. The soils formed in an acid coarse loamy 
supraglacial melt out till over loose sandy till of Wisconsin age derived from gneiss, 
granite and schist along with some fine-grained sandstone in some pedons. The loamy 
mantle in some pedons is influenced or derived from eolian sources. The climate is 
humid temperate. The mean annual air temperature is 7 to 11 degrees C, and the mean 
annual precipitation ranges from 1016 to 1295 mm.  
 
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: The Newfields series is the moderately 
well drained member of the same toposequence. The Agawam, Haven, Merrimac, and 
Warwick soils are on nearby glacial outwash kames and plains. The Barnstable, 
Brookfield, Charlton, Cheshire, Dutchess, Gloucester, Hollis, Montauk, Narragansett, 
and Paxton soils are on nearby glaciated uplands. Brookfield, Charlton, Cheshire, 
Dutchess, Gloucester, Hollis, Montauk, and Paxton soils do not have a contrasting 
particle size in the control section.  
 
DRAINAGE AND SATURATED HYDRAULIC CONDUCTIVITY: Well drained. 
Runoff is negligible to medium. Internal drainage is medium. Saturated hydraulic 

  
conductivity is moderately high or high in the solum and high or very high in the 
substratum.  
 
USE AND VEGETATION: Mostly forested. Some areas have been cleared of surface 
stones and are used for crops and pasture. Native vegetation is forest composed of eastern 
white pine, northern red, white, and black oaks, hickory, red maple, sugar maple, gray 
birch, yellow birch, beech, eastern hemlock, and white ash.  
 
DISTRIBUTION AND EXTENT: Glaciated uplands in Connecticut, Massachusetts, 
New Hampshire, eastern New York, and Rhode Island, also in the Massachusetts Coastal 
Islands; MLRAs 144A, 145, and 149B. The series is of large extent.  
 
MLRA SOIL SURVEY REGIONAL OFFICE (MO) RESPONSIBLE: Amherst, 
Massachusetts.  
 
SERIES ESTABLISHED: Herkimer County, New York, 1969.  
 
REMARKS:  
 
Diagnostic horizons and features recognized in this pedon are:  
1) Ochric epipedon - the zone from 0 to 13 cm (Oi and A horizons).  
2) Cambic horizon - the zone from 13 to 56 cm (Bw1, Bw2, and Bw3 horizons).  
3) Contrasting particle size - the coarse-loamy material contains less than 50 percent fine 
sand or coarser, and the transition zone between the two parts of the particle-size control 
section is less than 12 cm thick. (Coarse-loamy over sandy or sandy skeletal).  
4) Lithologic discontinuity - abrupt change in sand distribution at 56 cm (2C horizon).  
6) Particle-size control section - the zone from 30 to 105 cm (Bw1, Bw2, Bw3, and 2C 
horizons).  
 
ADDITIONAL DATA: M.S. Thesis work by Shawn McVey, University of Connecticut, 
2006. Full characterization data for sample no. S1982CT007001, S1999CT013001, 
S1999CT013004, S2000CT007003, S2004CT011003, and pedons of similar soils is 
available through the National Cooperative Soil Survey Soil Characterization Database: 
http://ncsslabdatamart.sc.egov.usda.gov/  
 
National Cooperative Soil Survey  
U.S.A. 
 
CHARLTON SERIES 

  
 
The Charlton series consists of very deep, well drained soils formed in loamy melt-out 
till. They are nearly level to very steep soils on moraines, hills, and ridges. Slope ranges 
from 0 to 60 percent. Saturated hydraulic conductivity is moderately high or high. Mean 
annual temperature is about 9 degrees C and mean annual precipitation is about 1205 
mm.  
 
TAXONOMIC CLASS: Coarse-loamy, mixed, superactive, mesic Typic Dystrudepts  
 
TYPICAL PEDON: Charlton fine sandy loam - forested, very stony, at an elevation of 
about 170 meters. (Colors are for moist soil unless otherwise noted.)  
 
Oe -- 0 to 4 cm; black (10YR 2/1) moderately decomposed forest plant material. (0 to 5 
cm thick.)  
 
A -- 4 to 10 cm; dark brown (10YR 3/3) fine sandy loam; weak fine granular structure; 
very friable; many fine roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; abrupt smooth 
boundary. (2 to 15 cm thick.)  
 
Bw1 -- 10 to 18 cm; brown (7.5YR 4/4) fine sandy loam; weak coarse granular structure; 
very friable; many fine and medium roots; 5 percent gravel; very strongly acid; clear 
wavy boundary.  
 
Bw2 -- 18 to 48 cm; yellowish brown (10YR 5/6) fine sandy loam; weak medium 
subangular blocky structure; very friable; common fine and medium roots; 10 percent 
gravel and cobbles; very strongly acid; clear wavy boundary.  
 
Bw3 -- 48 to 69 cm; light olive brown (2.5Y 5/4) gravelly fine sandy loam; massive; very 
friable; few medium roots; 15 percent gravel and cobbles; very strongly acid; abrupt 
wavy boundary. (Combined thickness of the Bw horizons is 35 to 91 cm.)  
 
C -- 69 to 165 cm; grayish brown (2.5Y 5/2) gravelly fine sandy loam with thin lenses of 
loamy sand; massive; friable, some lenses firm; few medium roots; 25 percent gravel and 
cobbles; strongly acid.  
 
TYPE LOCATION: New Haven County, Connecticut; town of Middlebury, 3800 feet 
along Long Meadow Road from the intersection with South Street, 450 feet southeast 
along a gravel road and 50 feet west of the gravel road, 400 feet northeast of Long 
Meadow Pond, in a wooded area. USGS Naugatuck topographic quadrangle, Latitude 41 
degrees 29 minutes 48.40 seconds N., Longitude 73 degrees 7 minutes 04.59 seconds W., 
NAD 1983.  
 
RANGE IN CHARACTERISTICS: Thickness of the solum ranges from 31 to 109 cm. 
Depth to bedrock is commonly more than 180 cm. Rock fragments range from 5 to 35 

  
percent by volume to a depth of 100 cm and up to 50 percent below 100 cm. Except 
where the surface layer is stony, the fragments are mostly subrounded gravel and 
typically make up 60 percent or more of the total rock fragments. Unless limed, reaction 
ranges from extremely acid to moderately acid.  
 
The O horizon, where present, ranges from slightly decomposed to highly decomposed 
plant material.  
 
The A horizon has hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, value of 2 or 3, and chroma of 1 to 3. 
Disturbed pedons have an Ap horizon with value of 3 or 4 and chroma of 2 to 4. The A or 
Ap horizon is sandy loam, fine sandy loam, or loam in the fine-earth fraction. It has weak 
or moderate granular structure and is friable or very friable.  
 
Some pedons have a thin AE or E horizon below the O horizon or a thin E horizon below 
the A horizon. It has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 1 to 3. Texture, 
structure, and consistence are like the A horizon.  
 
The upper part of the Bw horizon has commonly hue of 7.5YR or 10YR, and includes 
7.5YR when a high ratio of ammonium oxalate extractable iron to dithionite-citrate 
extractable iron (greater than 0.15) exists, and value and chroma of 4 to 6. The lower part 
of the Bw horizon has hue of 10YR or 2.5Y and value and chroma of 4 to 6. Texture of 
the Bw horizon is loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam with less than 65 percent silt 
plus very fine sand in the fine earth fraction. It has weak granular or subangular blocky 
structure. Consistence is friable or very friable.  
 
Some pedons have a BC horizon with value and chroma like the lower part of the Bw 
horizon, but includes hue of 5Y. The BC horizon commonly has texture, structure, and 
consistence like the Bw horizon but the range includes geologically derived structure 
appearing in the form of thin plates.  
 
The C horizon has hue of 10YR to 5Y, value of 4 to 6, and chroma of 2 to 6. Texture is 
loam, fine sandy loam, or sandy loam in the fine-earth fraction, with pockets or thin 
lenses of loamy sand. The horizon is massive or has plates of geogenic origin. 
Consistence commonly is very friable or friable but in some pedons includes firm.  
 
COMPETING SERIES: These are Chadakoin, Chatfield, Maplecrest, Riverhead, 
Stinger and Valois. Chadakoin and Valois soils formed in till derived primary from 
sedimentary rock parent materials. Chatfield soils have a lithic contact at 50 to 100 cm 
below the mineral soil surface. Maplecrest soils formed in till derived from red 
sedimentary rock parent materials. Riverhead soils formed in glacial outwash deposits 
and have sandy textures in the substratum. Stinger soils are moderately deep to a 
paralithic contact and formed in colluvium on mountain side slopes in Oregon.  
 
GEOGRAPHIC SETTING: Charlton soils are nearly level to very steep soils on 

  
moraines and glaciated upland hills and ridges. Slope ranges from 0 to 60 percent. The 
soils formed in acid melt-out till derived mainly from schist, gneiss, or granite. Mean 
annual temperature ranges from 7 to 11 degrees C and mean annual precipitation 
commonly ranges from 940 to 1245 cm, but the range includes as low as 660 cm in some 
places east of the Adirondack Mountains in the Champlain Valley of New York. The 
growing season ranges from 115 to 185 days.  
 
GEOGRAPHICALLY ASSOCIATED SOILS: These are the Acton, Brookfield, 
Chatfield, Essex, Hollis, Leicester, Rainbow, Ridgebury, Sutton, Wapping, Whitman, 
and Woodbridge soils on nearby landscapes. The moderately well drained Sutton and the 
poorly drained Leicester soils are associated in a drainage sequence. Acton and Wapping 
soils are moderately well drained. Brookfield soils formed in iron sulfide bearing parent 
materials and have a ratio of ammonium oxalate extractable iron to dithionite-citrate 
extractable iron less than 0.15 and have pedogenic iron contents greater than 1 percent 
throughout the pedon. Chatfield soils have bedrock within a depth of 50 to 100 cm. Essex 
soils have a sandy particle-size control section and a dense substratum. Hollis soils