Conservation Commission Meeting Agenda/Materials 109R and 131 Clark Lane Exhibit List (linked)

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Retention Pond’
Maintenance
pond is not owned by the
local government, it is
the obligation of the
association to keep it in
functioning order, as well
as any costs incurred.
This includes regular
inspections to identify
and repair areas of
erosion, gullies, and

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tsitework.com
This includes regular
inspections to identify
and repair areas of
erosion, gullies, and
other damage, especially
after severe storms or
heavy rain; removing
sediment and debris
from the pond before it
reaches the outlets; and
beautifying the
surrounding banks with
grass, shrubs, and other
vegetation. bon

2:52 @S NEN -
When the pond is out of
sight and/or there is no
plan in place to
consistently maintain it,
simple maintenance
such as mowing,
garbage and litter
cleanup, modest
landscaping, sediment
removal, and slope
stability are typically
overlooked. Bringing a
neglected pond up to
code can bea
significant, unexpectd@ul
cost as wellasa

cost as wellasa
disaster for the
environment.
Failures within the pond
and property damage
downstream might cost
hundreds of thousands
of dollars. Don't forget
about the attention from
local government
agencies, as well as the
possible fines that come
with a failed pond. a

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AERA A ~~ —
ILLINGIS DLFARTMENT OF PUBLIC HEALTH
Structural Pest Control ie
Mosquitoes and
Disease
What's the most dangerous
creature on earth? Without
question the answer is: the
mosquito. Mosquitoes and the
diseases they spread have
been responsible for killing
more people than all the wars
in history. Even today,
mosquitoes transmitting
malaria kill 2 million to 3
million people and infect
another 200 million or
more every year. Tens of
millions more are killed and .
dehilitated hv a hnet of anther
a i <

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mure every year. Tens or
millions more are killed and
debilitated by a host of other
mosquito-borne diseases,
including filariasis, yellow
fever, dengue and
encephalitis.
But for millions of Americans,
malaria is something other
people get somewhere else.
The fact is that nearly half of
the world’s population is at
risk for malaria. Residents of
the United States are not
immune. Malaria has occurred
in the United States, and still
does on rare occasions.
Mosquitoes capable of
carrying and transmitting
malaria still inhabit most
parts of this country. And an
influx of malaria-infected
persons has produced
localized malaria
transmission in some areas of
the United States.
Today, however, the threat of
develoanina encenhalitis fram
Hl - é

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HMMMUne. IVIdldild Ilas OCCUITCU
in the United States, and still
does on rare occasions.
Mosquitoes capable of
carrying and transmitting
malaria still inhabit most
parts of this country. And an
influx of malaria-infected
persons has produced
localized malaria
transmission in some areas of
the United States.
Today, however, the threat of
developing encephalitis from
mosquitoes is far greater than
-the threat of malaria in the
United States. Encephalitis,
meningitis and other diseases
can develop from the bites of
mosquitoes infected with
certain viruses. These include
the viruses of West Nile, St.
Louis encephalitis, LaCrosse
(California) encephalitis, and
Eastern equine and Western
equine encephalitis.
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©Examiner
Waterford, Planning & Development
Developer Returns with Proposal for 47 Manufactured
Homes, Neighbors Object Again
— Cate Hewitt, 1.27.2023
Residents and neighbors of Clark Lane in Waterford attended a Conservation Commission public hearing about a proposed
development of 47 manufactured homes on Clark Lane. (CT Examiner)
WATERFORD — A year after a Norwich developer floated an 8-30g proposal
to build 47 manufactured homes on Clark Lane, neighbors showed up at a
public hearing to oppose the project a second time — again citing
environmental, safety and density concerns.
Mark Branse, an attorney with Halloran Sage, who represented Kingstown
Properties at the Conservation Commission hearing Thursday night, said
the homes will be rentals and will include 14 affordable units — comprising
30% of the development under the state affordable housing statute.

~ SS
The complex is slated for 8 acres that stretch behind a dozen houses that
front Clark Lane just north of the town’s middle school. The property
consists of two parcels totalling 16 acres, of which six acres that abut Bates
Woods Park in New London would go into a conservation easement. An area
of wetlands on the property would be bordered by a 50-foot buffer.
During public comment, resident Nick Gauthier said the entire property
“basically functions as wetlands,” and “that should be enough to reject the
project because of environmental concerns.”
Gauthier asked why the project needed to be built on property that naturally
provides an area for runoff during storms and floods, which he said will
increase with climate change.
“Why does it have to be this specific area? There are already places around
town that are paved over. It doesn’t need to be this specific area that has
benefit from an environmental perspective,” he said.
Preceding public comment, David Held, a land surveyor with Provost and
Rovero, who represented the applicant, said a large retention basin would
be built for stormwater treatment with a hydrodynamic separator that had
been “sized to remove 80 percent of the solids” since “a lot of pollutants
adhere to solids.”
“All impervious surface water will be captured and run through treatment...
It’s a belt and suspenders approach before discharging to the wetlands,” he
said, of controlling water traveling from Clark Lane to the middle school
property as it flowed toward the areas of Fenger Brook and Jordan Brook.
“If we cut our development density in half, it wouldn’t necessarily impact
the size of the detention basin because we have to account for all water
coming from outside of the site,” Held said.

Plans showing 47 manufactured houses proposed at 131 and 109R Clark Lane in Waterford. (Town of
Waterford)
Resident Sigrun Gadwa, who said she was a wetlands consultant and
botanist, spoke in opposition to the project, especially about the impact on
water quality in both Fenger and Jordan brooks.
“Fenger Brook has riparian wetlands, it’s a network of rivulets and small
streams that are groundwater fed and depend on shallow groundwater,”
she said. “I’m concerned that the stormwater management system is too
large. It will handle all that water that went into the upland soils, joining
groundwater, seeping toward the wetlands.”
Gawda said that water will be redistributed — “drier on the upper part,
wetter on the lower part” — resulting in significant tree mortality and
adverse effects on the wetlands.
—
5

HToF
She also said the development’s steep embankment “on the eastern edge
of the trailer park development” will be an invitation for dumping — “it’s
scary for children, it’s a safety issue.”
Resident Christine Haase, a homeowner on Clark Lane, echoed Gawda’s
concerns about the steep embankment, and said the project would add 10-
foot light poles that would run all night long, affecting neighboring nocturnal
wildlife.
“The football-size detention basin, located directly next to the middle
school” would have standing water, which she said was a potential breeding
ground for mosquitoes, and that mosquito-related diseases had shut down
school sports activities in Waterford for a number of seasons.
“Why should kids suffer for 47 units?” she asked.
Robert Roselund, a lifetime resident of Clark Lane, who objected to the
density of the project, said “the houses will be five feet from my property,
two feet from each other.”
At one point town attorney Michael Perry interrupted the public comment
and warned that “references to trailer parks and affordable housing not be
made.”
“It's irrelevant to the wetlands proceeding. Comments of this nature can be
taken to be beyond the pale and potentially held against the town. There is
no reason to be talking about trailer parks, or affordable or not affordable,”
he said.
Resident Arlene Sherman said the spreader mechanism in the retention
basin had multiple flaws and would be “unable to polish the remaining
pollutants.” She said that the clearcut trees would be replaced only by
shrubs, which will increase the heat in the summer.
“I'm aware that development is inevitable but the developer is attempting
to put a square peg in a round hole. The wetland must be protected. There
is not enough room for what he has in mind economically.”

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Residents Robert Roselund Jr., Elizabeth Carlson and Carolyn Yost spoke of
the great loss of natural habitat the neighborhood would experience.
“If this is built, it would be a huge loss not only environmentally for my
children and my children’s children and everyone else’s children who grow
up on Clark Lane,” said Roselund.
No one from the audience spoke in favor of the project.
The public hearing will be continued on Feb. 9.
Cate Hewitt ©
Cate Hewitt is a reporter and Associate Editor for CT Examiner. Hewitt
covers planning and zoning issues.
cate.hewitt@ctexaminer.com
Copyright © 2023 © Design by Julia Balfour, LLC

COLUMNS
sometimes deadly results |’ heodore Decker
3 Theodore Decker
> The Columbus Dispatch
Published 6:50 a.m. ET Sept. 15, 2022 | Updated 11:41 a.m. ET Sept. 15, 2022
A few days after the body of a 4-year-old girl was pulled from
a retention pond at a North Side apartment complex, tenant
Lori King watched in horror from her balcony as a gaggle of
small children inched closer to the same patch of water.
Fearing a tragic repeat so soon after the Sept. 2 death of
Esther Mutivito, King swung her legs over her balcony
railing, dropped five feet to the ground and ran shouting
toward the pond at the Whispering Oaks complex. She
shooed the children away, warning them that it was
dangerous to play near the water.

She knows too well that her intervention, while effective in
that moment, ultimately would prove futile. Two children
narrowly escaped drowning after falling through the pond's
ice in 2018, and a man drowned there in 2015.
People, especially children, are drawn to water.
"It's just going to keep happening," King said.
A week after Esther died, it did. But not at King's complex.
Tragedy struck another family on the following Friday, at
another apartment complex on Columbus' East Side, where a

toddler tumbled into a retention pond and drowned. That
pond has been the scene of multiple drownings through the
years, of both children and adults.
And a few weeks before Esther died, on Monday, a 10-year-
old Pataskala boy died after being pulled from a retention
pond near his home. He and Esther had autism.
Retention ponds at apartment complexes often
touted to renters
Despite recurring deaths at ponds like these, little ever seems
to change.
The official line is that the ponds exist not for recreation but
for stormwater management, and that the responsibility of
being safe around them is an individual one.
Yet the owners of these residential developments often use
the ponds to market the developments, suggesting how great
it is living life along the water. So putting a fence around
them would take away from the aesthetics.
The older ponds tend to be the worst. They were dug with
steep sides to collect as much runoff in as small a footprint
as possible, leaving more room for development. A few
missteps, an awkward stumble, and a child might plunge
from dry grass directly into water several feet deep.
Newer ponds have been built with more gradually sloping
bottoms, but children drown in them just the same. While

many municipalities require pools to be enclosed, few .
demand that ponds be similarly secured. There are too many
variables to make that feasible, officials say.
Usually, the deaths are chalked up to tragic accidents, and
any blame is laid squarely at the feet of parents (or relatives
or guardians who were in charge at the time). The message
sent is clear: watch your kids and this won't happen.
And of course any good parent knows to watch their
children. But as any honest parent knows, that is so much
easier said than done.

Curious children are skilled magicians. They can disappear
into thin air. And if the stars align in all the wrong ways, an
absence of just a few minutes can spell disaster.
Retention pond tragedy: Fencing around pond could have
saved daughter, man says
The child who died on Friday at Hartford on the Lake was
the ninth person to die in that pond in as many years. Most
of those victims died in cars when their drivers
inadvertently drove into the water, which in some cases is
mere feet from parking spaces.

Theodore Decker: Father, son latest to die at apartment
complex pond
"People die and die and die," Iya Jilo told me in 2019, after
one of these accidents claimed the lives of two of his
relatives.
The mother of a child who drowned in the pond after falling
through ice in 2013 sued the complex owners, but a judge
ruled that it was her failure to supervise that led to the
death.
The city later took the complex owners to remedy a long list
of codes violations and other problems. Pond safety was not
a priority.

“DoF ll
But the complex was bought by new owners earlier this year,
and a visit there on Tuesday revealed widespread and
ongoing improvements to the apartment buildings and
surrounding lots. The pond remains filled with trash, but
brush around it has been cleared away and a landscaping
crew was lining the banks with large rocks, from the start of
the incline to the water's edge.
A similar rock border at Whispering Oaks, though, didn't
save Esther.

As police and volunteers combed the neighborhood looking
for her on Sept. 2, King encountered the girl's frantic mother
near the pond. She told King that her daughter had
wandered off and found her way to this pond before, even
though they lived in another nearby complex.
She feared her child was in the water. King offered to wade
the ponds shallows.
"T'm an old frog-giggin' lady and fisherman," she said. She
walked through the water and shin-to-knee-deep mud that
sucked at her boots, but found nothing.
The mother seemed relieved, but divers would find her
daughter deeper in the same pond the next day.
"She was five feet from where I was at," King said.

"T'm not one to complain and not have a solution," she said.
"Fill it in. Make it a dog park or a playground. That way it's
another amenity. Call it Esther Park."
After the latest death at Hartford on the Lake, Tony
Celebrezze, deputy director of the Columbus Building and
Zoning Services Department, told The Dispatch that
requiring safeguards for ponds would be costly and an uphill
battle, politically speaking.

"Even if the City Council decided to pass something, it would
be very difficult, maybe impossible, to do something
retroactively," he said.
And right there is the sobering central fact in all this: the
occasional death of a child in one of these ponds clearly isn't
bad enough for business for these property owners to better
prevent them.
Evidence of such a business decision can be found in another
drowning that took place in a retention pond earlier this
summer, up near Cleveland.

Two-year-old Alfred Hanover died on July 11, and the
response to his death was almost immediate. Within two
days, the property owner had started building a fence
around the pond where Alfred died.
That drowning occurred at MGM Northfield Park, a popular
casino and harness-racing track.
From that detail, you might have guessed that Alfred
Hanover wasn't a child, or a person at all.
Alfred Hanover was a horse.
Theodore Decker is the Dispatch metro columnist.

tdecker@dispatch.com
@Theodore_Decker

Do Stormwater Retention Ponds
Contribute to Mosquito Problems?
Issue Number: 71
Chapter Name: Technical Notes
Date: 05/2003
The following is an excerpt from the USEPA Nonpoint Source News and Notes Issue Number 71. The full
document can be found at the USEPA website (http:/;www.epa.gov/owow/info/NewsNotes/).
Types of Ponds
Wet Ponds (Retention ponds)
Wet ponds are storm water control structures that
provide both retention and treatment of
contaminated storm water runoff. A wet pond
consists of a permanent pool of water into which
stormwater runoff is directed. Runoff from each
rain event is detained and treated in the pond until
it is displaced by runoff from the next storm. By
capturing and retaining runoff during storm events,
wet detention ponds control both storm water
quantity and quality.
Dry Ponds (Detention ponds)
A dry pond is designed to capture and slowly
_ | release runoff water for a period of 72 hours or
treat the storm water and are typically constructed
in areas where flood control is the greatest
concern.
less after a precipitation event. Dry ponds do not} -
Mosquito Control
Discussion of mosquito control in guidance manuals
written to date has been sparse, although that should
not imply that mosquito control is not being
addressed. Properly designed, operated, and
maintained ponds are not conducive to standing water
and as such should not be fertile breeding grounds for
mosquitoes. To help control mosquitoes in their wet
ponds, some localities introduce mosquito predators
such as mosquito fish.
Mosquito breeding potential depends on the depth
and location of the standing water. To prevent
proliferation of mosquitoes in wet ponds, guidance
manuals often contain recommendations for minimum
pool depths and the establishment of habitats that
promote colonization of the facility by mosquito
predators both aquatic and terrestrial (e.g., dragonflies
and mosquito fish). Improperly maintained dry ponds,
however, :may,contribute:to:mosquito. problems. In
‘cases Where-the dry ponds-are improperly:designed —
or maintained-and:do Ti6t-drain within 72 hours after a
precipitation event,increased mosquito populations
have been observed.
The Florida Cooperative Extension Service reported in
Mosquitoes Associated with Stormwater Detention/ Retention Areas, one of a series of fact sheets by the
University of Florida's Entomology and Nematology Department (hito://edis.ifas.ufl.edu/mg338), that properly
functioning, extended detention wet ponds are not a significant mosquito problem, but that dry pond systems
holding standing water as a result of improper design, construction, or maintenance (or neglect) are a problem. As
a result, Florida requires these dry ponds to be designed to drain within 72 hours to prevent the creation of
mosquito habitat.
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1.4
10:56, a 56
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These regulations shall be known as "Lhe Inland Wetlands and Watercourses
Regulations of the Town of Waterford”.
The Conservation Commission of the Town of Waterford was established in
accordance with Chapter 2.52, of the Waterford Code of Ordinances adopted on April
2, 1973,and Chapter 5.3 of the Charter of the Town of Waterford as revised to
December 8, 1983 and authorized to implement the purposcs and provisions of the
Inland Wetlands and Watercourses Act in the Town of Waterford pursuant to Chapter
2.52 of the Waterford Code of Ordinances.
These Regulations have been adopted by the Conservation Commission and may be
amended, from time to time, in accordance with the provisions of the Inland Wetlands
and Watercourses Act, Section 22a-36 to 22a-45, inclusive, of the Connecticut
Gencral Statutes as authorized by the Representative Town Meeting of the Town of
Waterford in Chapter 2.52 of the Waterford Code of Ordinances.
The Inland Wetlands and Watercourses of the State of Connecticut are an
indispensable and irreplaccable but fragile natural resource with which the citizens of
the State have been endowed. The wetlands and watercourses are an interrelated web
of nature essential to an adequate supply of surface and underground water; to
hydrological stability and control of flooding and erosion; to the recharging and
purification of the groundwater; and to the existence of many forms of animal,
aquatic and plant life. Many inland wetland and watercourses have been destroyed or
are in danger of destruction because of unregulated use by reason of the deposition,
filling or removal of material, the diversion or obstruction of water flow, the erection
of structures and other uses, all of which have despoiled, polluted and climinated
wetlands and watercourses. Such unregulated activity has had, and will continue lo
have, a significant, adverse impact on the environment and ecology of the State of
Connecticut and has and will continue to imperil the quality of the environment thus
adversely affecting the ecological, scenic, historic and recreational values and
benefits of the state for its citizens now and forever more.
The preservation and protection of the wetlands and watercourses from random,
unnceessary, undesirable and unregulated uses, disturbance or destruction is in the
public interest and is essential to the health, welfare and safety of the citizens of the
state. It is, therefore, the purpose of these regulations to protect the citizens of the
state by making provisions for the protection, preservation, maintenance and use of
the inland wetlands and watercourses by minimizing their disturbance and pollution;
maintaining and improving water quality in accordance with the highest standards set
by federal, State or local authority; preventing damage from erosion, turbidity or
siltation; preventing loss of fish and other beneficial aquatic organisms, wildlife and
vegetation and the destruction of the natural habitats thereof; deterring and inhibiting
the danger of flood and pollution; protecting the quality of wetlands and watercourses
for their conservation, economic, aesthetic, recreational and other public and private

1.5
Zof 2,
uses and values; and protecting the Statc's potable fresh water supplies from the
dangers of drought, overdraft, pollution, misuse and mismanagement by providing an
orderly process to balance the need for the economic growth of the state and the usc
of its land with the need to protect its environment and ecology in order to forever
guarantee to the people of the state, the safety of such natural resources for their
benefit and enjoyment and for the benefit and enjoyment of generations yet unborn.
The Commission shall enforce all provisions of the Inland Wetlands and
Watercourses Act and shall issue, issue with terms, conditions, limitations or
modifications, or deny permits for all regulated activities in the Town of Waterford
pursuant to Sections 22a-36 to 22a-45, inclusive, of the Connecticut General Statutes,
as amended.

El Et &
Chapter 7 - Health issues related to
drainage water management
Martin S. Fritsch
Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich,
Switzerland
The interactions between drainage, water
management and health
Water related diseases and their vectors
Water-borne excreta related infections
Health risks and chemical pollution
Integrated control of transmission of vector-borne
diseases -
Environmental management measures in drainage
water management
Development of control strategies
The interactions between drainage, water
management and health
Proper surface and subsurface drainage to remove excess
water in a safe and timely manner plays an important role in
controlling water related diseases. Careful control and
appropriate reuse of drainage water can help protect the
environment and optimize the use of water resources.
The health issues related to drainage water management
can be grouped in three categories:
ii. faecal/orally transmitted diseases; and
iii. chronic health issues related to exposure to
residues of agrochemicals.

In tropical and subtropical regions there is a close link
between the presence of excess water (due to lack of
adequate drainage) and the transmission of water related © & Svamils
vector-borne diseases. Malaria, schistosomiasis ee jell eg,
(bilharziasis) and lymphatic filariasis are important water ju face ey sty
related vector-borne diseases. Despite control programmes, KURI 7
health services and available treatments, these diseases ,
today represent a growing health problem.
Water related vector-borne diseases are caused by bacteria,
viruses and parasites (protozoa and helminths) transmitted
by water related disease transmitting agents, also called
vectors or intermediate hosts. A vector is an animal, often an
insect, that transmits an infection from one person to
another person or from infected animals to humans
(Cairncross and Feachem, 1983). Most infections can only
be transmitted by a particular, disease-specific vector, e.g.,
malaria by Anopheles mosquitoes. An intermediate host has
a similar role to a vector. However, such an organism does
not actively transmit a pathogen, like freshwater snails in the
case of schistosomiasis. Vectors and intermediate hosts
represent critical elements in various disease transmission
cycles of parasitic water related diseases. In general, they
live in or near aquatic environments.
Direct pathogen transfer and the transmission by vectors
and intermediate hosts require specific environmental and
socio-economic conditions. The conditions are defined by:
i. quality and quantity of water;
ii. type and frequency of human-water contacts;
iii. number and distribution of vector or intermediate
host breeding sites; and
iv. exposure of humans to vector and intermediate
host populations.
Consequently, the above-mentioned diseases can also be
associated either directly or indirectly with the design and
management of treatment and disposal plants for the re-use,

treatment or disposal of drainage water. The key criteria for
such a health risk are:
j. introduction of temporary or permanent open
water surfaces bodies, e.g., constructed wetland,
stabilization ponds, or evaporation ponds;
ii. suitability of such water for vector breeding;
iii. accessibility for the local population;
iv. location in relation to human settlements and
transport links (e.g., roads); and
v. pollution by organic or inorganic substances.
Misuse and lack of maintenance are the two main reasons
why drainage structures (road drainage ditches, culverts,
dam site drainage or drainage canals in irrigation schemes,
and also drainage water treatment and disposal facilities)
are often associated with environmental health problems.
Farmers, associations or national agencies generally
conduct regular maintenance on irrigation canals. Water
quality and flow velocity are relatively high. However, in
drainage facilities the opposite conditions are frequent.
Silting, uncontrolled aquatic weed growth, slow water flow or
stagnant pools associated with the resulting wetlands offer
ideal breeding conditions for mosquitoes and aquatic snails.
Farmers seem to concentrate on irrigation water
management rather than on drainage management.
Moreover, there is often a lack of adequate domestic water
supplies and sanitation facilities. Thus, drainage canals or
drainage water treatment and disposal facilities are often
misused for washing, drinking and uncontrolled disposal of
human excreta or other waste by the poorest and, thus, most
vulnerable social groups. In this way, drainage water
contributes to disease transmission.
Water related diseases and their vectors

*S,
Vector-borne diseases: transmission by insects
Insect vectors represent the largest group of disease
transmitting agents. In most cases and for the most
widespread diseases, mosquitoes are the main vectors.
Among a wide range of vector-borne diseases, two diseases,
namely, malaria and lymphatic filariasis stand out as serious
health hazards in the context of poor drainage.
Malaria
Malaria is caused by a protozoan parasite of the genus
Plasmodium. Malaria is a complex disease causing fever,
anaemia and an enlargement of the spleen. This causes
additional cerebral complications, especially for children.
Correspondingly, child mortality rates for P falciparum, one
of the four types of malaria affecting humans, are very high
with approximately one million children below the age of five
dying in 1993 (WHO, 1995; WHO, 1996).
Malaria is transmitted by the bite of a mosquito of the genus
Anopheles. The transmission cycle is only between man and
mosquitoes. Man acts as the intermediate host or reservoir
and the mosquitoes as the vector. Protozoan parasites of
the genus Plasmodium have to undergo complex
development and multiplication processes both in man and
mosquito before they can be further transmitted. Only the
female mosquitoes are of importance for transmission, as
they need a blood meal for oviposition.
Malaria covers not only all developing countries, but is
present on almost the entire land surface between the
latitudes 40°N and 60°S. However, the distribution is not
uniform and depends mainly on climate, altitude, population
density and the specific environmental requirements of the
mosquitoes species.
Highly endemic areas are sub-Saharan Africa, Central
America and the northern part of South America, the Indian
subcontinent and Southeast Asia.

In the last two decades, a growing number of malaria cases
have been observed (WHO, 1996). However, this cannot only
be explained by the increasing population. To a large extent,
this is also due to the increasing number of WRDPs such as
irrigation and drainage schemes or hydro-electric dams.
With the introduction of new open water surfaces in the
form of canals, ponds and artificial lakes, new mosquito
breeding sites have been created.
However, the persistence of the disease is also due to the
absence of effective long-lasting vaccines, and the growing
resistance of malaria pathogens and mosquitoes to
treatment and insecticides, respectively. By the end of 1985,
50 of the 150 potential malaria transmitting Anopheles
species were already recorded to be resistant to one or more
pesticides (including DDT). At least 11 of those 50 species
are known to be important and dangerous malaria
transmitters (WHO, 1989).
Furthermore, malaria transmission is not only related to
WRDPs. Deforestation, mining, road construction and all the
negative consequences of rapid and uncontrolled
urbanization are also contributing to the creation of
mosquito breeding sites. In this context, urban drainage
plays two key roles. On the one hand, it is an essential and
effective tool for reducing and eliminating mosquito
breeding sites by controlling surface water and waterlogging
and by eliminating unnecessary open water surfaces.
However, on the other hand poorly maintained drainage
canals can represent potential breeding sites for various
mosquito species if they are permanently flooded and
aquatic weeds are not cleared.
Finally, a fresh risk might result from climatic change. First
reports suggest that global warming can change the
geographical distribution of mosquito breeding and shift the
malaria transmission border line to the north (WHO, 1996).
Lymphatic filariasis

a Soe
coli diarrhoea or salmonellosis, enteric fevers such
as typhoid.
iii. Soil transmitted helminths: Eggs of parasitic
worms are expelled in faeces and require a
development stage in moist soils. They reach the
human host either by being ingested on vegetables
or by penetrating the soles of the feet. Transmission
takes place in communal defecation areas or ~
around dirty latrines without clean concrete floors.
Examples: ascariasis, trichuriasis, hookworm.
iv. Beef and pork tapeworms: Transmission cycle
includes an intermediate development stage in an
animal and infection of man occurs when the meat
is eaten without sufficient cooking. Transmission
can be triggered through the application of sewage
sludge as fertilizer on grazing land. Examples:
taeniasis.
v. Water-based helminths: The most typical example
is that presented above in the section on
schistosomiasis. As indicated, eggs in faeces must
reach water in order to undergo the next
development stage in an aquatic snail. The guinea
worm (fasciolopsiasis) follows a similar cycle.
vi. Excreta related insect vectors: Filariasis
transmitting Culex mosquitoes prefer to breed in
highly polluted water. Badly maintained, unventilated
latrines or uncovered septic tanks offer the best
breeding conditions, mainly in urban areas. However,
filariasis may also reach man simply by being
carried by flies or cockroaches.
An important characteristic is the persistence of a specific
pathogen, i.e., its ability to survive in the environment and
whether animals, either in series or parallel, are part of the
transmission cycle in view of the above classification, water
quality and the environmental conditions around water

i. Intermittent drying out of ponds or storage tanks
for at least 5-7 days.
ii. If possible, lining of all facilities to avoid seepage
and minimize aquatic growth. In the case of earth
lining: regular weed control. Only restricted or no
applications of insecticides or molluscicides.
iii. Restricted accessibility in order to reduce man-
water contacts.
iv. Settlement planning: geographical separation of
settlements from ponds and tanks.
v. Monitoring of vector breeding activities and water
quality.
vi. Evaluation of options.
Constructed wetlands
The various physical, chemical and biological treatment
processes may require a number of water retention
structures such as constructed wetlands. This could lead to
new and mostly permanent open water surfaces. Here again,
the question is whether vector breeding sites will be created,
or whether the purification capacity will determine the
effluent quality and thus the water quality for low-end
consumers.
Questions:
i. How many new and permanent water bodies will
be created? How large is the area?
ii. What kind of vegetation (e.g., aquatic weed) will
grow?
iii. ls the local population already exposed to water
related diseases? Where are the transmission foci
located? What vector or intermediate host species
are involved?

freshwater (eg, groundwater), which will then be
used for drinking?
Control and prevention:
In the case of direct re-use, there are few opportunities for
the application of environmental management measures.
Once drainage water has entered an irrigation system, it is
probable that individuals will come into contact with this
water. Therefore, effective monitoring of the quality
standards of drainage effluents is most important. It is
necessary to develop safeguard strategies in case of
unacceptable or dangerous contamination levels.
Agriculture-forestry system and solar evaporators
This system of drainage water management, which aims at
a continuous concentration of salt in progressively smaller
volumes of water, is less of a health risk, as saline water is
unsuitable for drinking. Here, the question is whether this
series of irrigation systems will create new open water
surfaces for vector breeding.
Questions:
i. Does the system create new and permanent open
water surfaces (e.g., solar evaporator)?
ii. lf so, can they serve as breeding sites for
mosquitoes? Do mosquitoes already breed in the
area and to what extent are mosquito transmitted
diseases prevalent? Are there mosquito species
involved which can breed in brackish water (e.g.,
some Aedes, Culex and Anopheles species)? Can
water snails tolerate the salt concentrations?
iii. Can aquatic weeds grow?
iv. How near are settlements, roads or larger urban
centres? What diseases are prevalent there?
Control and prevention:

iv. Do their breeding requirements correspond to the
environmental conditions created by a constructed
wetland (e.g., for mosquitoes)?
v. How near are settlements, urban centres and
roads? Are there any migration movements in the
areas?
vi. What is the quality and performance of the local
health service? What is the perception of the
population regarding environmental health issues?
vii. Are there any data on prevalence, incidence,
vector population dynamics or breeding habitats?
Control and prevention:
i. Water level fluctuations and intermittent drying out
of the wetland area.
ii. Restricted accessibility.
iii. Geographical location outside and separated
from human settlements.
iv. Off site: settlement planning and maintenance,
housing improvement, personal protection.
v. Health education.
vi. Monitoring: vector populations, water quality,
case reporting.
vii. In the case of high community vulnerability and
environmental receptivity: evaluation of options.
Environmental management measures applied to
drainage structures
Drainage systems need to be connected either with
subsurface or surface drainage canal outlets. In the case of
surface collector canals, additional open water surfaces will
be introduced. In warm and hot climatic zones, drainage

canals include a number of typical features which favour
vector breeding, disease transmission and direct pathogen
propagation, such as low and irregular flow velocities, low
embankment slopes, high seepage, uncontrolled water
access, uncontrolled deposition of excreta and aquatic weed
growth.
Environmental modification
Modifications to the drainage system environment would
include: the change from open to piped or covered drains;
canal lining with concrete in order to increase flow velocities
and reduce aquatic weed growth; installation of special
structures for cattle crossings and drinking; and boat ramps
to protect earth embankments.
Environmental manipulation
The key elements of environmental manipulation would be
flow and water level management measures. Periodical
flushing will help to dislodge snails and mosquito larvae if
drag forces or shear stresses due to higher velocities exceed
certain limits (Jobin, 1987; Oomen et al., 1990; Fritsch,
1993). Water level fluctuations can have distinct control
impacts on both snail and mosquito breeding. If the drop is
fast enough, snails, larvae and eggs become stranded and
die (Fritsch, 1993). Intermittent flow, drying out of canals in
connection with flushing, and water table fluctuations can
also be effective tools to control mosquito or snail breeding.
However, the approach differs for snails and mosquitoes,
according to the locally specific population dynamic and
vector bionomics (Oomen et al., 1990). Finally, canal
maintenance means weed control and the removal of
sediments. Weed control can be done either mechanically,
chemically by applying herbicides, or biologically with fish.
Modification and manipulation of human habitation or
behaviour
Interventions and environmental changes related to human
habitation might not be sufficient if canals are continuously

misused for excreta and waste disposal. In this case, health
risks have to be minimized with a set of non-drainage related
measures. This includes the improvement of sanitation
facilities and personal hygiene (e.g., water supply systems
or latrines) and the planning and maintenance of
settlements.
Development of control strategies
There are no standard packages of engineering techniques
available, nor should environmental management be
considered as the ultimate solution for controlling water
related parasitic diseases (Fritsch, 1993).
Birley (1995) has introduced a systematic approach to
forecast vector-borne disease implications. In this
assessment methodology he addresses three main
components which contribute to the potential health
hazards:
Community vulnerability: This describes the prevalence of
specific diseases in social groups such as children, adults,
males, females, workers or farmers. The prevalence is
brought into relation with the proximity of disease foci, the
immune status, previous history of exposure, general health
status and the role of migrants. Vulnerability is ranked as
high, moderate or low.
Environmental receptivity: This is the receptivity to
transmission of the pathogen related to the abundance of
the vector, to human contacts with water or vectors and to
any other ecological or climatic factors favourable for
transmission. The assessment is followed according to
possible transmission but not to occurrence, transmission
easily resumed, or to high receptivity.
Vigilance of the health services: This describes the quality
and performance required of a health service to cope with
an increased health hazard. The question is whether a health
service is able to support and manage vaccination
campaigns, continuous case detection, drug provision and

Se
delivery, hospitals, sufficient and skilled staff, health
education and information or means for chemical or
biological vector control. The ranking includes: very good,
effective preventive measures only, effective treatment only,
and none.
The assessment of control strategy effectiveness is
organized in a sequence of flow charts and worksheets. It
includes a comprehensive set of questions which finally lead
to the ranking of the three components. The methodological
approach forces one to focus on control elements and will
structure data and help to set up additional survey or
monitoring concepts if there is a lack of data. It will also help
in assessing the quality and reliability of data. Overall the
final outcome (the total assessment of potential health
hazards) will provide a sound basis for identifying the
required set of safeguards and preventive intervention
measures, including the environmental engineering required
to control water management related diseases.

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Retention Ponds:
Attractions or Liabilities?
Many churches use retention ponds to control storm
water runoff on their property. These ponds can
enhance a church's aesthetic value, but they can also
create liability and maintenance issues. Here are some
of the problems associated with retention ponds, along
with some risk management tips.
Risk #1: Drowning
Children are attracted to water, and retention ponds
offer ready access. Unlike swimming pools, these basins
typically aren’t fenced in.
They can also be deep and have a steep drop off at the
water's edge, since they're designed for maximum
rainwater collection. Muddy bottoms and slippery sides
can make it difficu'* for someone to escape.

| Ley
Risk #2: Mosquitoes
eed in any still water the
become a nuisance to
n lies in preventing
y can find,
since mosquitoes br
your retention ponds can
i The solutio
idential neighbors.
ino uitoes from breeding, either by breaking uP the
eliminating mosquito larvae.
ope, pees, plants, and fish but
mosq
surface of the water or
effectively eradicate mosquito larvae without harmful
chemicals.
Risk #3: Algae
In general, algae are essential for a healthy pond.
However, these small aquatic plants can pose a
problem when you have too much of it. An algae bloom
can reduce the oxygen available to support fish and
other plant life within the pond. It’s also unattractive to
see a pond covered with green scum.
Algae problems usually occur due to ponds being
neglected. While retention ponds require minimal
maintenance, you can’t usually “dig a hole” and then let
the pond take care of itself. Healthy ponds require
proper aeration, integrated pesticide management, and
adequate pond weed control.