Conservation Commission Meeting Agenda/Materials 109R and 131 Clark Lane Exhibit List (linked)

<a Southeast Shoreline (CT2000) Summary
Fenger Brook (CT2000-30_01)
WATERSHED DESCRIPTION
The Southeast Shoreline sub-regional basin is located
in the southeastern portion of Connecticut (Figure 1).
There are two towns located in the Fenger Brook
watershed, including the municipalities of New
London and Waterford, CT (Figure 2).
The Southeast
Shoreline sub-regional
basin includes one
segment, consisting of
the entire length of
Fenger Brook,
impaired for aquatic
life use assessed by
aquatic invertebrates.
Figure 1: Watershed This segment was
location in Connecticut assessed by
Connecticut
Department of Energy and Environmental Protection
(CT DEEP) and included in the CT 2012 303(d) list of
impaired waterbodies. Some segments in the
watershed were currently unassessed as of the writing
of this document. This does not signify that no
concerns exist with those segments, rather it is an
indication that there are not current data to evaluate
the segments as part of an assessment process. An
excerpt of the 2012 Integrated Water Quality Report is
included in Table 1.
Fenger Brook is 3.47 miles in length and the entire length of the brook (CT2000-30_01) is considered
impaired. The Fenger Brook begins southeast of the Clark Lane and Chester Street intersection in
Waterford, CT. The brook continues southerly through a large forested area along the Waterford-New
London town line and passes under Route 1, adjacent to an auto body shop and several paved retail
parking lots in Waterford before entering into another forested tract. A tributary enters the brook from the
west as it passes under railroad tracks. It ends at Alewife Cove (tidal) just downstream of Niles Hill Road
on the Waterford-New London town line (Figure 2).
Impaired Segment Facts
Impaired Segment:
Fenger Brook (CT2000-30_01)
Municipalities: New London and
Waterford
Impaired Segment Length (miles):
3.47
Watershed Area (square miles): 3.1
Watershed Impervious Cover: 20%
Water Quality Classification: Class A
Designated Use Impairments: Habitat
for Fish, Other Aquatic Life, and
Wildlife
Sub-regional Basin Name and Code:
Southeast Shoreline, 2000
Regional Basin: Southeast Shoreline
Major Basin: Southeast Coast
C-22-14
109R & 131 CLARK LANE
PUBLIC HEARING
EXHIBIT # 25
FEB 06 2023
Planning « Deve lopment
Town of Waté rford, aT L
|

March 2015
Table 1: Impaired segment in the Southeast Shoreline Sub-Regional Basin from the Connecticut
2012 Integrated Water Quality Report
es
From mouth at head of tide, Alewife Cove
Gust DS of Niles Hill Road (Route 213)
CT2000-30_01 Fenger Brook-01 crossing), US to headwaters (southeast of 3.47 | NOT | NOT
Clark Lane and Chester Street intersection),
Waterford.
Not Supported
For surface water quality class A, the criteria to meet aquatic life use support includes the following:
Biological Condition: Sustainable, diverse biological communities of indigenous taxa
shall be present. Moderate changes, from natural conditions, in the structure of the
biological communities, and minimal changes in ecosystem function may be evident;
however, water quality shall be sufficient to sustain a biological condition within the
range of Connecticut Biological Condition Gradient Tiers 1-4 as assessed along a 6 tier
stressor gradient of Biological Condition Gradient (See Appendix G of the Water Quality
Standards).
Data used to assess these waters are summarized in Table 2.
Table 2: Data used to assess Fenger Brook (CT2000-30_01). An "x" indicates that data has been
used in the assessment process.
CT2000-30_01 Fenger Brook-01 x x x x 2002
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March 2015
Figure 2: The Fenger Brook Watershed
| Legend
Ct 4 L Ce | ah ot i Impaired Waterbody(s)
i, Ae se) ral : | ‘Van , 7 [1] impaired Drainage Area(s)
cWprs gee Sp, ; f y es ") Surface Water
4 =e La) : ‘i
C RN isla ee | Seen os : Major Road
* Zz I Town Boundary
Ks
he
Soe"
&
Waterbody(s) within Fenger Brook Watershed with
Impairment to Habitat for Fish, Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife Created: CT DEEP, July 2012
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March 2015
Land Use in the Watershed
The existing land use in a watershed can affect the water quality of the waterbodies within that watershed
(USEPA, 2011b). In an undeveloped watershed, natural processes such as infiltration of stormwater into
the soil and plant uptake of water and nutrients can occur. As watersheds become more developed with
commercial, residential, and industrial land uses, the amount of stormwater runoff increases as the natural
landscape is altered with impervious surfaces, such as rooftops, roads, and sidewalks. The amount of
pollutants, such as nutrients and bacteria from leaking septic systems, oil and grease from automobiles,
and sediment from construction activities, can also increase, can become entrained in this runoff, and
negatively affect nearby waterbodies. Agricultural land use activities, such as fertilizer application and
manure from livestock, can also increase pollutants in nearby waterbodies (USEPA, 201 1b).
As shown in Figure 3, the Southeast Shoreline sub-regional basin consists of 38% developed areas, 35%
forests, 13% wetlands, 9% turf and grasses, and 4% agriculture. Other land uses include barren
land/utility right of ways.
Figure 3: Land uses within the Southeast Shoreline Sub-Regional Basin
Land Use (“%) within Southeast Shoreline Sub-Regional Basin
1%
Agriculture
Barren and Utilities
ROWs
Developed
Forested
OTurfand Grass
@ Water
@ Wetland
Land use data sourced from Fry, et al, 2011.
Impervious Cover (IC)
Another way to measure land use impacts to aquatic life in streams is to evaluate the amount of
impervious cover (i.e. roads, roofs, driveways, parking lots). Increasing the percentage of IC in a
watershed is linked to decreasing stream health (CWP 2003, Bellucci 2007). Stormwater runoff from
impervious surfaces contains pollutants such as oils, heavy metals, nutrients, bacteria sediment (USEPA
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March 2015
1983) and can cause temperature impacts to receiving waterbodies. The amount of stormwater pollutants
transported during a rainstorm is directly related to the amount of impervious cover in the watershed.
The extent of land area associated with IC cover can be calculated by analyzing the types of land cover
(developled, forested, agriculture, etc.) present in the landscape. The total percentage of impervious cover
(%IC) can be compared to levels that are linked to impaired streams receiving excessive stormwater
runoff. The %IC is used in the Connecticut Watershed Response Plan for Impervious Cover (Plan) as a
surrogate to represent the impacts associated with stormwater runoff pollution. Figure 4 shows the %IC
for the Fenger Brook watershed. This watershed has impervious surface areas of 20%.
CT DEEP has determined that to limit effect of stormwater pollution an IC area of less than 12% is
needed to support habitat for fish, other aquatic life and wildlife use in these waterbodies. However,
stormwater pollution is categorized under two types of pollutant loads: point and non-point sources. Point
sources are permitted a waste load allocation (WLA) and regulated under the National Pollutant
Discharge Elimination System (NPDES), but a load allocation (LA) is also contributed by non-point
sources where no regulations are applicable. It is not feasible to draw a clear distinction between
stormwater pollution originating from point and non-point sources because insufficient data are available
for each parcel in the watershed and the fact that stormwater pollution is highly variable in frequency and
duration. Consequently, a Margin of Safety (MOS) is incorporated into the %IC target in order to account
for uncertainties regarding the relationship between water quality and sources (point and non-point).
Therefore, a MOS of 1% IC was subtracted from the %IC target to account for uncertainty in the analysis,
resulting in a combined target of 11% for Waste Load Allocation (WLA) and Load Allocation (LA). The
reduction in impervious cover necessary to reach the target for the Fenger Brook watershed is shown in
Table 3. The Plan target of 11% IC is intended to guide the application of Best Management Practices
(BMP) and Low Impact Development (LID) techniques to reduce the impact of impervious surfaces.
Table 3: Current impervious cover and the percent reduction necessary to achieve the Plan target
for the impaired segment in the Southeast Shoreline sub-regional basin
Current es esi oe et eet aa
Impaired Segment Watershed *IC Target? | Mat etn tee re
Impervious Cover fe a
Fenger Brook % 6 0
(CT2000-30_01) 20% 11% 1% 45%
Implementation of this Plan is directed at improving the condition of the aquatic life use support in these
waterbodies. The impairments will be resolved once the instream monitoring and assessment as conducted
by CT DEEP indicates an attainment of WQS. It is important to note that the aquatic life use impairment
may not be due solely to the presence of IC, but that reducing the effect of IC within the basin is expected
to improve water quality and support attainment of aquatic life use goals. Additionally, the IC reduction
targets are guidance values to help address the component of the impairment which the current
information suggests is attributable to IC due to stormwater pollutants. The reduction targets are not
recommended as regulatory limits for incorporation into permits. Best Management Practices to reduce
the effect of IC through stormwater management are discussed below as appropriate implementation
practices for permitted and non-permitted stormwater discharges.
! These are target goals, not end-of pipe effluent limits, unless otherwise indicated in a permit issued pursuant to the National
Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NPDES) program.
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March 2015
Figure 4: Impervious cover (%) for the Fenger Brook Watershed
| ——— Impaired Waterbody(s)
- 3) Impaired Drainage Area(s)
Surface Water
>|] ——— Major Road
S|. _ 1 Town Boundary
Percent Impervious Cover (IC) within Fenger Brook Watershed with
Impairment to Habitat for Fish, Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife Created: CL DEER, July-2012
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March 2015
CURRENT MANAGEMENT ACTIVITIES
Permitted Stormwater Sources
The control of stormwater pollution from regulated sources is noteworthy for addressing the effect of IC.
Regulated stormwater discharges consist of those authorized under the General Permit for the Discharge
of Stormwater from Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems (MS4 GP), General Permit for the
Discharge of Stormwater and Dewatering Wastewaters from Construction Activities (Construction GP),
General Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater Associated with Industrial Activity (Industrial GP), and
General Permit for the Discharge of Stormwater from Commercial Activities (Commercial GP). Each of
these general permits requires the implementation of control measures and some type of a stormwater
management plan (for more information go to www.ct.gov/deep/stormwater).
Permitted sources existing within the watershed that could potentially contribute to impairments in the
Fenger Brook watershed are identified in Tables 4 and Figure 5. This table includes permit types that may
or may not be present in the impaired watershed. A list of active permits in the watershed is included in
Table 5. Additional investigation and monitoring could reveal the presence of additional discharges in the
basin.
Table 4: General categories of stormwater permitted discharges
: 5 tah Number in
Permit Code Permit Description Type vaterehed
Stormwater Discharge Associated with Commercial Activity
GSC ais 1
(Commercial GP)
GSI Stormwater Associated with Industrial Activity (Industrial GP) 2
GSM Part B Municipal Stormwater MS4 (MS4 GP) m
GSN Stormwater Registration — Construction (Construction GP)
Municipalities have been working hard to meet the challenges of stormwater management. The City of
New London and the Town of Waterford have developed and implemented programs to protect water
quality. As indicated previously, all of New London and Waterford are regulated under the MS4 program.
The MS4 GP requires municipalities to develop a Stormwater Management Plan (SMP) to reduce the
discharge of pollutants from storm sewer discharges to improve water quality. The SMP must address the
following 6 minimum measures:
Public Education and Outreach
Public Involvement/Participation
Illicit discharge detection and elimination
Construction site stormwater runoff control
Post-construction stormwater management in new development and redevelopment
Aa VP we
Pollution prevention/good housekeeping for municipal operations
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March 2015
Subsequent to the initial preparation and implementation of the SMP, each municipality must submit an
annual update outlining the steps they are taking to meet the six minimum measures. Relevant
stormwater management measures are summarized below.
City of New London (Permit GSM00111) (from the 2010 Stormwater Management Plan Annual Report)
Acquired 500 storm drain markers and currently installed 45; a coordinated community outreach
educational volunteer program is planned to install the remaining markers in 2011.
Posted the 2008 and 2009 Stormwater Management Plans as well as General Permit of
Stormwater from Small Municipal Separate Storm Sewer Systems and annual reports on the city’s
website.
Continued to clean up parks on an ongoing basis through a coordinated crew of volunteers called
“Sound Community Services.”
Continued the Old Mill vegetation-planting program to keep vegetation thriving along the
tributary to the Thames River.
Developed an illicit discharge ordinance in 2009
Continued requirements for the development of Sediment and Erosion Control Plans for
disturbance of any area greater than a half acre.
Continued Zoning Regulations for Stormwater Drainage in parking areas and Erosion and
Sedimentation Controls.
Continued to sweep City streets a minimum of once a year, downtown district streets swept two
times a week during warm weather months.
Acquired a refurbished drain cleaner, which is used on a daily basis; City’s mission to clean every
basin once a year.
Continued Capital Improvement Program for the City of New London, which has spent $30,000 to
date on drainage system improvements
Continued to sample six outfalls per year.
Distributed the brochure “Every day solutions to protect our water from stormwater pollution: A
guide to healthy habits for cleaner water.”
Town of Waterford (Permit GSM000023) (from the 2010 Stormwater Management Plan Annual Report)
Distributed educational brochures entitled “Step by Step,” A Citizens Guide to Curbing Polluted
Runoff” and made other informational brochures available at the Department of Public Works.
Completed stenciling program in which a minimum of 30% of basins in town were prioritized and
stenciled using the CTDEP Long Island Sound Fund, Storm Drain Marker Program.
Completed mapping all of the outfalls greater than 15 inches and installed it on the town GIS
system.
Continued to map any new outfalls >12.”
Continued dry weather sampling of six stormwater outfalls.
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March 2015
e¢ Continued annual staff-training program on inspection protocol, identifying potential illicit
discharges and town policies on prohibiting non-stormwater and illicit discharges.
e Revised regulations for erosion and sediment control and stormwater control measures for all
construction activities.
e Developed post-construction and run-off control regulations.
e Continued annual street sweeping of municipality’s entire 119 miles of road.
e Continued annual cleaning of all stormwater structures.
e Eliminated the use of sand on roads during winter snow storms.
MS4 GP discharges
MS4 dischargers must implement the Stormwater Management Plan (SMP) required by the MS4 permit
reissued on January 9, 2011, and as amended. The SMP includes best management practices (BMPs)
grouped into six Minimum Control Measures, which consist of Public Education and Outreach, Public
Involvement/ Participation, Illicit Discharge Detection and Elimination, Construction Site Stormwater
Runoff, Post Construction Stormwater Management in New Development and Redevelopment, and
Pollution Prevention/Good Housekeeping. Compliance with the MS4 GP, as amended, including
implementation of the SMP and six Minimum Control Measures.
Construction GP discharges
The Construction GP regulates the runoff from construction with 5 or more acres of soil disturbance for
projects with municipal land use approvals and with 1 or more acres of soil disturbance for projects
without municipal land use approvals. The Construction GP requires controls to reduce the discharge of
sediment during construction and includes measures to address the long term impacts related to post-
construction stormwater discharges. While the Construction GP reissued on April 9, 2010 (current permit)
does not address impaired waters, the proposed modified Construction GP, expected to be reissued in
2013, specifies post-construction runoff standards. These post-construction discharges require the
retention and/or infiltration of stormwater using LID and runoff reduction methods. Although the
proposed post-construction performance standards are not based on the percentage of impervious cover,
the runoff retention standards specified will serve to reduce and/or disconnect impervious area.
Industrial GP discharges
Industrial facilities are required to develop and implement a Stormwater Pollution Prevention Plan
(SWPPP). The SWPPP must include control measures (similar to BMPs) to reduce or eliminate the
discharge of pollutants from the site. Typically, industrial sites are highly impervious. However site
constraints, and cost considerations will complicate the reduction of impervious cover. To address the
effect of IC, industrial sites where site expansion or redevelopment is planned should focus on the
reduction and minimization of impervious area. The industrial facility can consider which BMPs are
appropriate for the site as well as those to address specific sources.
Commercial GP discharges
The Commercial GP regulates commercial sites with impervious surfaces exceeding 5 acres, such as
malls and “big box” stores. The strategy to address the control of stormwater pollutants from these sites is
called a Stormwater Management Plan (SMP). While the Commercial GP reissued on May 1, 2001
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March 2015
(current permit) does not discuss stormwater discharges to impaired waters, future versions of the permit
will include measures similar to the Industrial and MS4 GPs. The commercial site can consider which
BMPs are appropriate for the site as well as those to address specific sources.
Non-Regulated Discharges
Many municipalities in Connecticut do not do not fall under the current MS4 permit (reissued January 9,
2011). Non-MS4 municipalities can voluntarily implement the BMPs within the MS4 permit and this
document. Any facilities that discharge non-regulated stormwater can update their Pollution Prevention
Plans to include BMPs that can reduce pollutants from entering surface waters. These BMPs could
include revised housekeeping procedures to reduce pollutants or techniques that increase infiltration to
reduce runoff. Additionally, sites or areas that are not regulated by a NPDES permit (such as small scale
commercial and construction sites, residential sites, etc.) should consider implementation measures to
minimize and/or disconnect impervious areas. Improving water quality within the community to address
nonpoint source pollution requires actions, large and small, by the community.
Table 5: Permitted stormwater facilities within the Fenger Brook Watershed
Municipality | Permit ID Permittee Permit Type | Latitude | Longitude rate 5
Waterford GSI001409 Town Of Waterford Industrial GP 41.330 -72.123 28
Waterford GSI001985 | Murphy Road Recycling Industrial GP 41.332 -72.123 29
Waterford GSC000343 Waterford And Miner Commercial GP | 41.342 -72.123 31
Waterford GSN002151 Town Of Waterford Construction GP | 41.342 -72.131 33
Waterford | GSM000023 Town of Waterford MS4 GP _- - -
New London | GSM000111 City of New London MS4 GP - - --
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Figure 5: Permitted Stormwater Facilities in the Fenger Brook Watershed including MS4s
(numbers correspond with permitted facilities listed in Table 5)
Stormwater Permits
MS4 Area
———= Impaired Waterbody(s)
{> Surface Water
Major Road
“1 Town Boundary
Impairment to Habitat for Fish, Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife Created: CT DEEP, July 2012
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March 2015
RECOMMENDED NEXT STEPS
CT DEEP can assist with reducing the effect of IC by providing technical and financial assistance to the
watershed towns and local citizen watershed advocacy groups, effectively administering stormwater
permitting programs, and monitoring aquatic life in the surface waters. Under Section 319 of the Clean
Water Act (§319 C.W.A.), the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency awards a grant annually to the CT
DEEP to fund eligible projects that control and/or abate nonpoint source pollution through a competitive
bid process. More information on grant programs can be found on the Department’s website
(http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp?a=2719&q=325594&deepNav_GID=1654).
1) Reduce the effect of impervious cover in the Fenger Brook watershed through the
implementation of Best Management Practices (BMPs) to control stormwater runoff.
As noted previously, 38% of the Southeast Shoreline sub-regional basin is considered developed and the
municipalities within the watershed are MS4 communities regulated by the MS4 program. The amount of
impervious cover in the Fenger Brook watershed is 20%.
Reducing the effect of IC in the watershed is an important step to decrease the impacts of stormwater
runoff on water quality. For new development, LID principles (http://www.ct.gov/deep/watershed)
should be utilized to retain and infiltrate stormwater runoff and/or reduce the amount of runoff from IC. In
developed areas, IC should be disconnected from surface waterbodies, where practicable. Disconnection
of impervious surface runoff should be pursued to the degree feasible when reconstruction of a site and/
or its infrastructure occurs. For example, stormwater outfalls could be redirected to vegetated areas to
encourage natural filtration before reaching nearby waterbodies.
An excellent guide on how to implement a reduction in IC is found in Appendix 3 of the core document
and on the web (http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/tmdl/). A retrofit assessment of the watershed would
identify areas where BMPs such as gravel wetlands, porous pavement, and vegetated buffers could be
implemented to most effectively treat stormwater runoff throughout the watershed. This type of
assessment could be linked to existing Municipal Comprehensive or Master Plans, MS4-required SMPs or
watershed management plans.
2) Prevent future degradation of Fenger Brook and its tributaries through the development and/or
strengthening of local stormwater control ordinances.
As the amount of IC in the Fenger Brook watershed is greater than 12%, the adoption of a municipal
stormwater ordinance can be an effective method to protect the water quality in the watershed.
Stormwater ordinances can focus on different aspects of stormwater management to reduce the quantity
and quality of the stormwater that reaches nearby waterbodies. Effective stormwater ordinances prohibit
non-stormwater discharges (to the storm sewer or surface waterbodies) such as sanitary sewage and
wastewater discharges, require the use of adequate controls to prevent erosion and sedimentation, and
specify enforcement mechanisms to address non-compliance. In addition to local ordinances, the
establishment of a stormwater utility (ie. a user fee) can be an effective way to address the impact of
stormwater runoff from impervious surfaces while also providing the fiscal means of addressing
municipal stormwater infrastructure needs. Utility fees are usually based on the size of effective
impervious area and so, strongly encourage the reduction of impervious area.
3) Protect existing buffers along the riparian corridor and other conservation lands throughout the
watershed.
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Riparian buffers and other natural landscapes can protect the water quality of waterbodies within a
watershed. The riparian buffer zone is the area of land located immediately adjacent to streams, lakes, or
other surface waters. The incorporation of buffer requirements in the municipal land use approval process
will help protect these areas near Fenger Brook from the effect of IC, and these streams can be protected
from further degradation due to stormwater runoff.
Riparian zones differ from the uplands because of high levels of soil moisture, frequent flooding, and the
unique assemblage of plant and animal communities found there. These areas can reduce the impacts of
IC by filtering pollutants and slowing runoff. Through the interaction of their unique soils, hydrology, and
vegetation, natural riparian areas influence water quality as contaminants are taken up into plant tissues,
adsorbed onto soil particles, or modified by soil organisms. They also can protect the shoreline from
erosion, aid in flood control, provide habitat for wildlife, shade waters for fish, and offer scenic value.
Any change to the natural riparian buffer zone can reduce the effectiveness of the natural buffer and has
the potential to contribute to water quality impairment (USEPA, 201 1a).
The riparian zones for the impaired segments in the Fenger Brook Watershed are characterized by a mix
of land uses including developed, forested, and consisting of wetlands (Figure 6). Development is
focused along the Route 1 corridor near the middle reaches of the brook as well as near the mouth of the
brook as it empties into the tidal Alewife Cove. A tributary entering Fenger Brook from the west has a
concentrated developed area near its headwaters and passes underneath Rope Ferry Road and between a
residential development and Waterford High School. The IC within all developed areas is typically
transporting stormwater via structured drainage systems that often discharge within the riparian areas or
directly to surface waters.
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March 2015
Figure 6: Riparian buffer zone information for the Fenger Brook Watershed
i] Legend
——— Impaired Waterbody(s)
Surface Water
Major Road
aA Town Boundary
Riparian Classification
Agriculture
Barren and ROWs
Developed
Forested
Turf and Grass
Water
Riparian Classification within Fenger Brook Watershed with — UCONN CLEAR: http://clear.uconn.edu/
Impairment to Habitat for Fish, Other Aquatic Life and Wildlife Created: CT DEEP, July 2012
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March 2015
4) Encourage greater citizen involvement to ensure the long-term protection of Fenger Brook and
its tributaries.
Groups of concerned citizens within a watershed with a shared goal of maintaining or restoring water
quality for the use of its residents for future generations have shown to be effective in ensuring the long-
term protection of a waterbody. These groups include watershed associations and municipal conservation
commissions. Activities include water quality monitoring, developing a public education strategy, and
working with local boards to upgrade existing water resource protection laws. Education of citizens
regarding the management of stormwater runoff from individual properties is important to ensure long
term protection.
5) Evaluate and implement Low Impact Development practices for future development and retrofit
opportunities.
LID techniques and BMPs to reduce the impact of stormwater within the Fenger Brook watershed are
important tools to reduce the effect of IC. A list of these techniques includes (but is not limited to): rain
gardens, bioretention areas, “green streets” techniques, porous asphalt, porous concrete, permeable
pavers, other permeable pavement systems, green roofs, cisterns and rain barrels, engineered vegetated
swales, and tree box filters.
Some resources for more information are:
e NEMO (Nonpoint Education for Municipal Officials) is a University of Connecticut Program for
local land use officials addressing the relationship of land use to natural resource protection
(bttp://nemo.uconn.edu/)
e CT DEEP’s Watershed Municipal Outreach and Low Impact Development Program
(http://www.ct.gov/deep/cwp/view.asp? A=2719&Q=464958).
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REFERENCES
Bellucci, C. (2007). Stormwater and aquatic life: Making the connection between impervious cover and
aquatic life impairments. Pp. 1003-1018, Jn Proceedings of the Water Environment Federation TDML
Conference, Bellevue, WA Water Environment Federation, Alexandria, VA.
CTDEEP (2011). State of Connecticut Water Quality Standards. Online:
http://www.ct.gov/deep/lib/deep/water/water_quality_standards/wqs final adopted 2 25 11.pdf
CWP (2003). Impacts of Impervious Cover on Aquatic Systems. Center for Watershed Protection.
Online: http://clear.uconn.edu/projects/tmdl/library/papers/Schueler_2003 pdf
Fry, J., Xian, G., Jin, S., Dewitz, J., Homer, C., Yang, L., Barnes, C., Herold, N., and Wickham, J., 2011,
Completion of the 2006 National Land Cover Database for the conterminous United States:
Photogrammetric Engineering and Remote Sensing, 77:9 858-864.
USEPA (1983). Results of the Nationwide Urban Runoff Program. Volume | Final Report. Water
Planning Division. United States Environmental Protection Agency. Washington, D.C. 20460
USEPA (201 1a). Riparian Zone and Stream Restoration. Online: http://epa.gov/ada/eco/riparian.html
USEPA (2011b). Land Use Impacts on Water. Online: http://epa.gov/greenkit/toolwg.htm
Southeast Shoreline (CT2000) Summary
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